23 December 1902 A.D. Frederick Temple Dies—95th of 105 Archbishops of Canterbury
Editors. “Frederick Temple.” Encyclopedia
Britannica. 7 Nov 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/586858/Frederick-Temple. Accessed 10 Jun 2014.
Frederick Temple, (born
Nov. 30, 1821, Levkás, Greece—died Dec. 23, 1902, London), archbishop of
Canterbury and educational reformer who was sometimes considered to personify,
by his rugged appearance and terse manner as a schoolmaster and bishop, the
ideal of “manliness” fashionable during the Victorian era (1837–1901) in
Britain.
Ordained a priest
in 1847, Temple left his position as a lecturer at the University of Oxford,
where he had been educated, in 1848 to work in the national Education Office.
From 1850 to 1855 he was principal of Kneller Hall Training College and from
1855 to 1857 was a government inspector of schools. On the recommendation of
the English poet Matthew Arnold, whose father, Thomas Arnold, had been a
reformer at Rugby, Temple was appointed headmaster of the school in 1857. While
serving simultaneously as Queen Victoria’s chaplain, he expanded the Rugby
curriculum, especially in the areas of history, science, and music, and
commissioned several new buildings.
Despite the
controversy aroused by his contribution “The Education of
the World” to Essays and Reviews (1860), which was considered too liberal in its religious views, Temple
went on to establish his reputation as an educational reformer in his work for the
Schools Enquiry Commission (1864–67). An Anglican convocation in 1864, however,
censured his essay, and, upon his appointment as bishop of Exeter in 1869, the
earlier opposition was renewed; Temple agreed after his consecration to
withdraw his essay from future editions of the 1860 volume. Temple was named
bishop of London in 1885. In 1896 he was made archbishop of Canterbury and thereby
spiritual head of the Anglican Church. A year later, with the archbishop of
York, W.D. Maclagan, he issued an emphatic rebuttal to
Pope Leo XIII’s bull denying the validity of Anglican priestly orders. The two
archbishops spoke together again in 1899 in a pronouncement that processional
lights and the use of incense were illegal practices in
Anglican liturgics. Frederick Temple’s son William was also archbishop of
Canterbury (1942–44) and helped to further his father’s goals of educational reform, reflected in particular
by the Education Act of 1944.
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