Oh the irony! Oh the
many times we’ve heard how Anglicans are halfly-reformed (we speak of Reformation/Reformed/Articles/old BCPAnglicans, not innovators like the liberals and Tractarians) and “how little” those
Anglicans govern their Churchmanship by the “regulative principle or worship!” Yet, we see below--by Reformed Churchmen--all manner of rules and
regulations without a scintilla or trace of biblical direction! Yet, wisely, in our estimation, the Reformed Church, Synod of Dordtrect, 1618-1619, regulated
their worship according to good order, insight, balance, and wisdom…according
to the rule of general insights from nature.
There are 86 articles or canons below. Much, like the Reformation Anglicans had ably done. The irony is rich!
The following is taken
from Richard R. DeRidder, ed., The Church Orders of the Sixteenth Century
Reformed Churches of the Netherlands Together with Their Social, Political, and
Ecclesiastical Context. Trans. Richard R. DeRidder with the assistance of Peter
H. Jonker and Rev. Leonard Verduin (Calvin Theological Seminary, 1987), 546–57.
Translated from C. Hoijer, Oude Kerkordeningen der Nederlandsche Gemeente
(1563–1638) (Zalt-Bommel: Joh. Noman en Zoon, nd.)
The post which follows
comes from Dr. R.Scott Clark and Office Hours, a production of Westminster
California. We are thankful for his post, but the irony is noted.
———
CHURCH ORDER
FORMULATED IN THE
NATIONAL SYNOD
CONVENED AND HELD BY ORDER OF THE HIGH AND MIGHTY STATES GENERAL OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS, AT DORDTRECHT, IN THE YEARS 1618–1619
* * * * * * * * * * *
CONVENED AND HELD BY ORDER OF THE HIGH AND MIGHTY STATES GENERAL OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS, AT DORDTRECHT, IN THE YEARS 1618–1619
* * * * * * * * * * *
1. To maintain good
order in the Church of Christ, it is necessary to have in it offices,
assemblies, supervision of doctrine, sacraments and ceremonies, and Christian
discipline, concerning which [matters the following articles] appropriately
deal with.
CONCERNING THE OFFICES
2. There are four kinds
of offices: ministers of the Word, Doctors (Professors), elders, and deacons.
3. No one, though he
be a professor, elder or deacon shall be permitted to enter the ministry of the
Word and sacraments without having been lawfully called thereto; and if anyone
acts contrary thereto and, having been frequently admonished, does not desist,
the classis shall judge whether he is to be declared a schismatic or is to be
punished in some other way.
4. The lawful calling
of those who formerly have not been in office, both in the cities and in the
country, consists: first, in their election, which shall be carried out after
previous fasting and prayer by the consistory and deacons, and this shall not
take place without correspondence with the Christian authorities of the
respective place, and the foreknowledge or advice of the classis where until
now this has been customary. Second, in the examination or investigation both
of doctrine and life which shall be done by the classis in the presence of the
deputies of the synod or some of the same. Third, in the approbation and
approval of the authorities, and thereafter of the members of the local
Reformed congregation, when the name of the minister having been announced in
the churches for fourteen days (two weeks), no objection is presented. Finally,
in the public ordination in the presence of the congregation, which shall take
place with proper stipulations and questions, admonitions, prayer and laying on
of hands by the minister who conducts the ordination service (or any others, if
there are more ministers present) according t:o the form for this purpose, with
the understanding that the laying on of hands may be done in the classical
meeting for the newly graduated minister who is sent to the Churches under the
Cross.
5. Inviting ministers
who are now already in the ministry of the Word and calling them to another
congregation shall take place by the
p. 547
same method of calling
as above, both in the cities and in the country, by the consistory and deacons
with the advice and approbation of the classis, to whom the aforesaid called
[minister] shall present good ecclesiastical credentials of doctrine and life.
And having thus been approved by the magistrate of the respective place and
having been presented to the congregation for fourteen days, as above, they
shall be installed with previous stipulations and prayers. Without abridging
what is previously said, anyone [who has] a valid gift of speaking or any other
gift insofar as it can be used in an edifying way without detriment to God's
Church and to the good order of the church, the government and synods of the
respective Provinces will do well to take note of these things and maintain the
necessary order for the best interests of the churches.
6. Also no minister
may accept a ministry in any particular manors, hospitals or otherwise unless
he has previously been admitted and permitted to do so in accordance with the
previous articlesr and he shall no less than others be subject to the Church
Order.
7. No one shall be called
to the ministry of the Word without being stationed in a specific place, unless
he is sent to preach in various places in the Churches under the Cross or
otherwise to establish (new) churches.
8. No schoolmasters,
artisans or others who have not followed the prescribed course of study for the
ministry shall be admitted to the ministry, unless there is assurance of their
singular gifts, godliness, humility, modesty, common sense, and discretion,
together with gifts of public speaking. When such persons present themselves
for the ministry, the classis shall (if the synod approves) first examine them,
and after the classis by the examination finds them acceptable, it shall allow
them to exhort for a time, and then further deal with thea as it judges shall
be edifying.
9. Novices, priests,
monks and those who leave any sect shall not be admitted to the ministry except
with great care and caution after they have also first been tested for a
certain time.
10. A minister once
lawfully called may not leave the congregation where he has been
unconditionally accepted to accept a call elsewhere without the approval of the
consistory and the deacons and of those who formerly have been in the office of
elder and deacon, together with the approval of the magistrate and the
foreknowledge of classis. Likewise, no other church may accept him before he
has presented a lawful testimony of his departure from the church and classis
where he has served.
11. On the other hand
the consistory, as representing the congregation, shall also be bound to
provide their ministers with adequate support and are not to dismiss them
without the knowledge and
p. 548
judgment of classis,
which in case of lack of support shall also judge whether or not the aforesaid
ministers are to be transferred.
12. Since a minister
of the Word, once lawfully called as above, is bound to the service of the
church for life, he shall not be allowed to enter a secular occupation except
for great and weighty reasons of which the classis shall take note and judge.
13. If it happens that
some ministers because of age, sickness or otherwise become incapable of
performing their ministry, they shall nevertheless in spite of this retain the
honor and title of a minister, and shall be honorably supported in their need
by the church which they have served (likewise the widows and orphans of the
ministers generally).
14. If any ministers
for the aforesaid or any other reasons must leave their office for a time
(which shall not be done without the advice of the consistory), they shall
nevertheless at all times be and remain subject to the call of the
congregation.
15. No one is
permitted, having left the ministry of his church or being in no fixed
ministry, to go preaching here and there without the consent of the synod or
classis; so also no one may preach or administer the sacraments in another
church without the consent of that consistory.
16. The office of the
ministers is to continue in prayer and the ministry of the Word, to administer
the sacraments, to watch over their colleagues, the elders and deacons,
together with the whole congregation, and finally to exercise church discipline
with the elders and to see to it that everything is done decently and orderly.
17. Equality shall be
maintained among the ministers of the Word concerning the duties of their
office, as also in other things as much as possible, according to the judgment
of the consistory and (if necessary) of the classis, which shall also be
maintained among the elders and deacons.
18. The office of the
Doctors or Professors of Theology is to expound the Holy Scriptures and to
defend sound doctrine against heresies and errors.
19. The churches shall
exert themselves that there are theological students who are supported ex
bonis publicis (out of the general treasury).
20. In churches where
there are more competent ministers the use of exhorters shall be introduced in
order by such means to prepare per sons for the ministry of the Word,
following in this the order especially prepared for this by the synod.
p. 549
21. All consistories
shall see to it that there are good school masters who not only teach the
children reading, writing, languages and liberal arts but also train them in
godliness and in the catechism.
22. Elders shall be chosen
by the judgment of the consistory and the deacons, so that according to its
circumstances each church is at liberty to propose to the congregation as many
elders as are needed in order that (unless some obstacle arise) after having
been approved and certified by it they may be ordained with public prayers and
stipulations; or a double number in order to have half of them chosen by the
congregation and to be ordained into office in the same manner, using the
prescribed form for this.
23. The office of
elder is, besides what is said above in article 16 to be (their office) in
common with the minister of the Word, to see to it that the ministers together
with their other helpers and deacons faithfully exercise their office, and
according to the circumstance of time and place to conduct family viaiting for
the edification of the congregation insofar as this can be done before and
after the Lord's Supper. especially to comfort the members of the congregation,
to teach. and also to exhort others to profess the Christian religion.
24. The same procedure
which applies to the elders shall be maintained in the election, approbation
and ordination of deacons.
25. The specific
office of the deacons is diligently to gather the alma and other goods for the
poor and to distribute the same faithfully and diligently according to the
requirements of the needy, both residents and strangers, by common consent, to
visit and comfort the distressed, and to see to it that the alms are not
misused, of which they shall give an account in the consistory and also (if
anyone wants to be present) in a congregational meeting, at such a time as the
consistory shall see fit.
26. In places where
there are charity workers or other diatributors of alms the deacons shall seek
to keep in close correspondence with them to the end that the alms may better
be distributed among those who have the greatest need.
27. Elders and deacons
shall serve for two years, and each year one-half the number shall retire and
others installed in their place, unless the circumstances and welfare of any
church demand otherwise.
28. Since the office
of Christian authorities is to promote church services in every way, to
recommend the same to their subjects, to help the ministers, elders and deacons
in all existing need and to protect them by their good order, all ministers,
elders, and deacons are duty bound diligently and sincerely to impress upon the
whole congregation the obedience, love and respect they owe the
p. 550
magistrates. All
ecclesiastical persons shall set a good example to the congregation in this,
and by proper respect and correspondence seek to awaken and maintain the favor
of the government, toward the churches to the end that each one on each side
doinq his duty in the fear of the Lord, all suspicion and distrust may be
prevented and good unity be maintained for the welfare of the churches.
CONCERNING
ECCLESIASTICAL ASSEMBLIES
29. Four kinds of
ecclesiastical assemblies shall be maintained: t.he consistory, t.he classical
meetinqs, the particular synods, and the general or national (synod).
30. In these
assemblies only ecclesiastical matters shall be dealt with and that in an
ecclesiastical manner. In major assemblies only that shall be dealt with that
could not be finished in the minor [assemblies), or that which concerns the
churches of the major assembly in common.
31. If anyone
complains that he has been wronqed by a decision of a minor assembly, he may
appeal to a major ecclesiastical assembly and that which is decided by majority
vote shall be considered settled and binding unless it is proved to conflict
with the Word of God or with the articles adopted in this general synod as long
as these are not changed by another general synod.
32. The proceedings of
all assemblies shall begin with calling on God's name and be closed with
thanksgiving.
33. Those delegated to
the assemblies shall bring along their credentials and instructions, signed by
those who delegated them. Only those [delegated] shall be entitled to vote.
34. In all assemblies
a clerk shall be chosen in addition to the president, who shall diligently
write down that which is to be recorded.
35. The office of the
president is to state and to explain what is to be considered, to see to it
that everyone observes good order in speaking, to order the wrangler and those
too vehement in speaking to be silent, and, for those those who give heed.
Further, his office shall cease when the assembly adjourns.
36. The classis has
the same authority over the consistory that the particular synod has over the
classis, and the general synod over the particular.
37. In every
congregation there shall be a consistory consisting of ministers of the Word
and elders, who shall meet at least every week at which the minister of the
Word (or ministers, if there are more than one) shall preside in turn and
govern the proceeding.
p. 551
Also, if the
magistrates of the respective places wish, they may have one or two of their
number, who are members of the church, [meet) vith the consistory to listen and
to deliberate concerning matters that take place.
38. It is understood
that in places where the consistory is to be newly established, the same cannot
take place except with the advice of the classis. Where the number of elders is
very small, the deacons shall be included in the consistory.
39. In places where as
yet there is no consistory, the classis shall in the meantime do what the
consistory is charged to do according to the provisions of this church order.
40. Similarly the
deacons shall meet every week in order prayerfully to transact the business
pertaining to their office, to which the ministers shall take good heed and, if
necessary, be present.
41. The classical
meetings shall consist of neighboring churches, each of which shall delegate
with proper credentials one minister and one elder to meet at the place and
time [set] at the end of each meeting as was seen fit (nevertheless, this is
not to be postponed more than three months). In these meetings the ministers
shall preside in turn or otherwise be chosen to preside by the same assembly,
but the same person may not be chosen twice in succession. Further, the
president among other things shall ask each one whether the consistory meetings
are held in their churches, whether church discipline is exercised, whether the
poor and schools are provided for; finally, whether there is anything for which
they need the judgment and help of classis for the proper government of their
churches. The ainister who was appointed by the previous classis for this
purpose shall deliver a short sermon froa God's Word, which the others shall
critique, and, if it is lacking in anything, they shall point this out.
Finally, in the last meeting before the particular synod those who are to
attend that synod shall be chosen.
42. In any place where
there is more than one minister, they shall all be allowed to appear in classis
and have a vote, except in matters that concern their persons or churches in
particular.
43. At the close of
classical and other major assemblies consure shall be exercised with respect to
those who have done anything worthy of censure in the meeting, or who have
scorned the admonitions of the minor assembly.
44. The classis shall
also authorize at least two of the oldest, most experienced and qualified
ministers, annually to visit all the churches in the cities as well as in the
country to discern whether the ministers, consistories and schoolmasters
fulfill their offices faithfully, maintain purity of doctrine, maintain the
accepted order in everything, and promote the edification of the congregation,
to-
p. 552
gether with that of
the youth as is befitting. They shall do this as much as possible with both
words and deeds in order that they may fraternally admonish those who are found
negligent in one thing or another, and may help by word and deed to direct
everything to the peace, upbuilding and the greatest profit of the churches and
schools. Each classis may continue these visitors in their function as long as
they wish, unless the visitors themselves, for reasons concerning which the
classis shall judge, ask to be discharged.
45. The church in
which the classis, also the particular or general synod, meets shall be
responsible for delivering the minutes of the meeting to the following one.
46. The instructions
concerning matters t-hat are to be considered in major assemblies shall not be
written until the decision of preceding synods have been read so that what was
once finished is not again proposed unless it is judged necessary to change it.
47. Every year,
(unless need requires a shorter time) four or five or more neighboring classes
shall meet, to which particular synod two ministers and two elders shall be
delegated from each classis. At the close of the particular as well as of the general
synod a church shall be designated which shall be charged to set the time and
place of the next synod with the advice of classis.
48. Each synod shall
be free to request and to continues correspondence with its neighboring synod
or synods in such form as it shall judge most profitable for common
edification.
49. Each synod shall
also appoint certain persons in order to effect all that the synod has decided,
both with the government and with the respective classes in its district, also
in order together or with a smaller number to supervise all examinations of
incoming ministers. Further,they shall extend help to the classes in all other
difficulties that arise so that qood unity, order and purity of doctrine is
maintained and stablized. They shall keep good records of all their actions in
order to give a report thereof to the synod, and, if it is demanded, to give
reasons. Also, they shall not be discharged from their task before the synod
itself discharges them from it.
50. The National Synod
shall ordinarily be held once every three years, unless there is a pressing
need to meet earlier. To this (synod) two ministers and two elders from each
particular synod, both of the Dutch and Walloon languages, shall be delegated.
Further, the church which has the task of setting the time and place of the
general synod (if it is to be called within three years) shall gather its
particular synod, and inform the neighboring church which is of another
language of this, which church shall send four persons there in order by common
consent to decide concerning the time and place. The church which is chosen to
convene the general synod, when it has
p. 553
consulted with the
classia concerning time and place, shall inform the government in time about
the same, so that with its knowledge and (if it wishes also to send someone to
the classis) this may be decided in the presence and with the advice of its
deputies.
51. Since two
languages are spoken in the Netherlands, it is considered advisable that the
churches using the Dutch and Walloon languages have their own consistories,
classical meetings, and particular synods.
52. Nevertheless it is
advisable that in the cities where the aforesaid Walloon churches are found
some ministers and elders of both sides should gather every month in order to
promote good unity and correspondence with one another and as much as possible
to support one another with advice according to need.
CONCERNING DOCTRINE,
SACRAMENTS, AND CEREMONIES
53. Ministers of the
word, as well as Professors of Theology (which is also fitting for other
professors) shall subscribe to the Confession of Faith of the Netherlands
churches. Ministers who refuse to do this shall de facto be suspended
from their office by the consistory or classia until such time that they give a
full explanation of this. If they obstinately persist in refusing, they shall
be completely deposed from their office.
54. Likewise,
schoolmasters shall be required to subscribe to the articles as above, or in
place of that to the Christian catechism.
55. No one of the
Reformed religion shall undertake to have printed or otherwise distributed any
book or writing produced or translated by himself or by another concerning
religion unless the same has been examined and approved by the ministers of the
Word of his classis, or by the particular synod of professors of theology of
these provinces, including also the foreknowledge of his classis.
56. God's covenant
shall be sealed for the children of Christians by baptism as soon as its
administration can take place, and that in a public meeting when God's word is
preached. But in places where few preaching services are held a certain day of
the week shall be set aside to administer baptism extraordinarily.
Nevertheless, this shall not take place without a sermon being preached.
57. Ministers shall do
their best and strive to the end that the father present his child for baptism.
In congregations where besides the fathers also godfathers or witnesses are
taken to the baptism (which custom in itself is optional and should not be
lightly changed) it is fitting that those be taken who hold to pure doctrine
and are of pious behavior.
p. 554
58. In the baptism of
young children as well as of adults the minister shall use the forms of the
institution and administration of baptism which have been respectively drawn up
for that purpose.
59. Adults are by
baptism inqrafted into the Christian church and accepted as members of the
church, and therefore are duty bound to parr.ake of the Lord's Supper, which
they shall promise to do at their bapt.ism.
60. The names of those
baptized together with those of the parents and witnesses as well as the date
of baptism shall be recorded.
61. Only those shall
be admitted to the Lord's supper who, according to the usage of the churches
which they join, have made confession of the Reformed religion, together with
having testimony of a godly walk, without which also those who come from other
churches shall not be admitted.
62. Each church shall
administer the Lord's Supper in such a manner as it judges best contributes to
edification, but with the understanding that the external ceremonies prescribed
in God's word are not changed, all superstition is avoided, and that after the
completion of the sermon and the general prayers from the pulpit the form for
the Lord's Supper, together with the prayer pertaining to it, shall be read in
front of the table.
63. The Lord's Supper
shall be administered once every two months, as much as possible. It is also
edifying, wherever the circumstances of the churches allow, that the same be
done on Easter, Pentecost and Christmas. But in places where as yet there is no
organized congregation, elders and deacons shall first be provisionally
installed.
64. Since the evening
prayers are in many places found to be fruitful, each church following this
practice shall do what it deems to be most edifying. But whenever there is the
desire to eliminate them, this shall not take place without the judgment of
classis, together with that of the authority for the Reformed religion.
65. Where funeral
sermons are not held, they shall not be introduced; and where they already have
been accepted, diligence shall be exercised to do away with them by the most
appropriate means.
66. In times of war, pestilence,
national calamities, severe persecution of the churches and other general
difficulties, the ministers shall petition the government that by its authority
and order public fasting and prayer days may be designated and set aside.
67. The congregations
shall observe, in addition to Sunday, also Christmas, Easter and Pentecost,
with the following days. Since in most cities and Provinces of the Netherlands,
besides these the days
p. 555
of the Circumcision
and Ascension of Christ are also observed, all ministers, wherever this is
still the custom, shall put forth effort with the authorities that they may
conform with the others.
68. Ministers shall on
each Lord's Day, ordinarily in the afternoon sermons, briefly explain the sum
of Christian doctrine contained in the catechism which at present is accepted
in the Netherlands Churches in such a way that it may be completed annually,
following the division of the catechism itself made for that purpose.
69. In the churches
only the 150 Psalms of David, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, the 12
Articles of Faith, the Songs of Mary, Zacharias, and Simeon shall be sung. It
is left to the option of the churches whether to use or omit the song, O God,
who art our Father.
70. Since it is found
that up to the present various customs are everywhere observed in matrimonial
matters, and because it is fitting to practice uniformity in this, the churches
shall keep the custom which they have to this time observed, conformable to
God's Word and previous ecclesiastical ordinances, until a general ordinance
shall be made for this by the government with advice of the ministers (which
shall be requested immediately) to which this church order refers in this
article.
CONCERNING CENSURE AND
ECCLESIASTICAL ADMONITIONS
71. Inasmuch as
Christian discipline is spiritual (in character) and exempts no one from civil
trial and punishment, ao besides civil punishment ecclesiastical censure is
necessarily demanded in order to remove the offense from the church of Christ.
72. When someone sins
against the purity of doctrine or godly conduct, insofar as it is secret and
has given no public offense, the rule which Christ clearly prescribes in
Matthew 18 shall be maintained.
73. Secret sins
concerning which the sinner, having been admonished by one person in private or
before two or three witnesses, repents, shall not be brought before the
consistory.
74. If somone, having
been admonished in love concerning a secret sin by two or three persons does
not listen, or otherwise has committed a public sin, such shall be reported to
the consistory.
75. Concerning all
such sins which by their nature were public or because ecclesiastical
admonition has been despised have become public, the reconciliation (when
certain signs of repentance are seen) shall take place publicly, by judgment of
the consistory. In the country or in smaller cities where there is only one
minister this must be done vith the advice of two neighboring churches in such
a
P. 556
form and manner as
shall be judged fitting for the edification of each church.
76. One who
obstinately rejects the admonition of the consistory or who has committed a
public or otherwise gross sin shall be barred from the Lord's Supper. If he,
having been barred, shows no repentance after several admonitions, the extreme
remedy, namely excommunication, shall finally be taken, following the form
prepared for this according to the Word of God; but no one shall be
excommunicated except with the previous advice of the classis.
77. Before proceeding
to excommunication t.he obstinacy of the sinner shall be publicly announced to
the congregation, explaining the sin, together with the diligence shown him in
punishing, barring from the Lord's Supper and by many admonitions, and the
congregation shall be exhorted to speak to him and to pray for him. Three such
admonitions shall take place. In the first, the sinner shall not be named so
that he is somewhat spared. In the second, with the advice of classis his name
shall be mentioned. In the third, the congregation shall be informed t.hat
unless he repents he shall be excommunicated from the fellowship of the
churches so that his excommunication, if he remains obstinate, will t.ake place
with the tacit approbation of the churches. The time between the admonitions
shall be left to the judgment of the consistory.
78. When an
excommunicated person wishes to be reconciled with the congregation by way of
repentance, it shall be announced to the congregation before the celebration of
the Lord's Supper, or otherwise beforehand according to circumstances, to the
end that at the next Lord's Supper (insofar as no one knows of anything to
bring forward to the contrary) he may be reinstated publicly with profession of
his conversion, following the form for this purpose.
79. When ministers,
elders or deacons commit a public gross sin which is a disgrace to the church
or is punishable by the authorities, the elders and deacons shall immediately
be deposed from office, but ministers shall be suspended. Whether the minister
shall be completely deposed from office shall be up to the judgment of the
classis.
80. Further, among the
gross sins that are worthy of being punished by suspension or deposition from
office these are the principal ones: false doctrine or heresy, public schism,
public blasphemy, simony, faithless desertion of office or intrusion into
another's office, perjury, adultery, fornication, theft, acts of violence,
habitual drunkenness, brawling, filthy lucre, in short, all sins and gross
offenses which make the perpetrator dishonorable before the world and which in
any private member of the church would be considerd worthy of excommunication.
p. 557
81. Ministers of the
Word, elders and deacons shall exercise Christian censure amonq themselves and
admonish one another in a friendly way concerninq the exercise of their
offices.
82. To those who move
away from their congregations a certificate or testimony of their conduct shall
be given by the decision of the consistory under the seal of the churches, or
where there is no seal signed by two (persons).
83. Further, the poor
who move for sufficient reasons shall be given assistance by the deacons with
discretion, also notinq on the back of their certificate the place where they
wish to go and the help that has been given to them.
84. No church shall in
any way lord it over another church, no minister over other ministers, no elder
or deacon over other elders or deacons.
85. In indifferent
matters the foreign churches which have different customs from our own shall
not be rejected.
86. These articles
concerning the lawful order of the churches have been so formulated and adopted
by common consent that, if the welfare of the churches demands otherwise, they
may and ought to be altered, added to or diminished. Nevertheless, no
individual congregation, classis or synod shall be permitted to do this, but
they shall diligently seek to maintain them until [it] is otherwise ordered
by the General or
National Synod.
So done and decided in
the National Synod in Dordrecht the 28th of May, 1619.
Siqned with our
knowledge. And was signed:
Johannes
Bogermannus, Pres. of Synod
Jacobus Rolandus, Assessor
Bermannus Faukelius, Praesidis Assessor
Sebastionus Damman, Clerk of Synod
Festus Hommius, Clerk of Synod
Jacobus Rolandus, Assessor
Bermannus Faukelius, Praesidis Assessor
Sebastionus Damman, Clerk of Synod
Festus Hommius, Clerk of Synod
No comments:
Post a Comment