4
October 1542 A.D. Robert
Bellarmine Born—Rome’s Jesuit Lion & Prof. William Whittaker’s Antagonist
(Cambridge)
Saint Robert Bellarmine, S.J. (Italian: Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and a Cardinal of the Catholic
Church.
He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation. He was canonized in 1930 and named a Doctor of the Church. Bellarmine is also widely remembered for his role in the Galileo affair.Contents
- 1 Early life
- 2 Career
- 3 Death
- 4 Works
- 4.1 Dogmatics
- 4.2 Venetian Interdict
- 4.3 Allegiance oath controversy and papal authority
- 4.4 Devotional works
- 5 Canonization and final resting place
- 6 Legacy
- 7 Footnotes
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Early life
Bellarmine was born at Montepulciano, the son of noble, albeit impoverished, parents, Vincenzo Bellarmino and his wife Cinzia Cervini, who was the sister of Pope Marcellus II.[1] As a boy he knew Virgil by heart and composed a number of poems in Italian and Latin. One of his hymns, on Mary Magdalene, is included in the Breviary.
He entered the Roman novitiate in 1560, remaining in Rome three years. He then went to a Jesuit house at Mondovì, in Piedmont, where he learned Greek. While at Mondovì, he came to the attention of Francesco Adorno, the local Jesuit Provincial Superior, who sent him to the University of Padua.[2]
Career
Bellarmine's systematic study of theology began at Padua in 1567 and 1568, where his teachers were adherents of Thomism. In 1569 he was sent to finish it at the University of Leuven in Flanders. There he was ordained, and obtained a reputation both as a professor and a preacher. He was the first Jesuit to teach at the university, where the subject of his course was the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas. His residence in Leuven lasted seven years. In poor health, in 1576 he made a journey to Italy. Here he remained, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII to lecture on polemical theology in the new Roman College (now known as the Pontifical Gregorian University.[citation needed]
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New duties after 1589
Until 1589, Bellarmine was occupied as professor of theology. After the murder in that year of Henry III of France, Pope Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate to Paris[3] to negotiate with the Catholic League of France, and chose Bellarmine to accompany him as theologian.[4] He was in the city during its siege by Henry of Navarre.
The next pope, Clement VIII, set great store by him. He was made rector of the Roman College in 1592, examiner of bishops in 1598, and cardinal in 1599. Immediately after his appointment as Cardinal, Pope Clement made him a Cardinal Inquisitor, in which capacity he served as one of the judges at the trial of Giordano Bruno, and concurred in the decision which condemned Bruno to be burned at the stake as a heretic.[5]
In 1602 he was made archbishop of Capua. He had written against pluralism and non-residence of bishops within their dioceses. As bishop he put into effect the reforming decrees of the Council of Trent. He received some votes in the 1605 conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Pope Paul V, and in 1621 when Pope Gregory XV was elected, but only in the second conclave of 1605 was he papabile.[citation needed]
The Galileo case
In 1616, on the orders of Paul V, Bellarmine summoned Galileo, notified him of a forthcoming decree of the Congregation of the Index condemning the Copernican doctrine of the mobility of the Earth and the immobility of the Sun, and ordered him to abandon it.[6] Galileo agreed to do so.[7]
When Galileo later complained of rumors to the effect that he had been forced to abjure and do penance, Bellarmine wrote out a certificate denying the rumors, stating that Galileo had merely been notified of the decree and informed that, as a consequence of it, the Copernican doctrine could not be "defended or held".[8] Cardinal Bellarmine believed such a demonstration could not be found because it would contradict the unanimous consent of the Fathers' scriptural exegesis, to which the Council of Trent, in 1546,[9] defined all Catholics must adhere.[10]
Bellarmine wrote to heliocentrist Paolo Antonio Foscarini:[10]
the Council [of Trent] prohibits interpreting Scripture against the common consensus of the Holy Fathers; and if Your Paternity wants to read not only the Holy Fathers, but also the modern commentaries on Genesis, the Psalms, Ecclesiastes, and Joshua, you will find all agreeing in the literal interpretation that the sun is in heaven and turns around the earth with great speed, and that the earth is very far from heaven and sits motionless at the center of the world.
and
I say that if there were a true demonstration that the sun is at the center of the world and the earth in the third heaven, and that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun, then one would have to proceed with great care in explaining the Scriptures that appear contrary, and say rather that we do not understand them than that what is demonstrated is false. But I will not believe that there is such a demonstration, until it is shown me. Nor is it the same to demonstrate that by assuming the sun to be at the center and the earth in heaven one can save the appearances, and to demonstrate that in truth the sun is at the center and the earth in heaven; for I believe the first demonstration may be available, but I have very great doubts about the second, and in case of doubt one must not abandon the Holy Scripture as interpreted by the Holy Fathers.
In 1633, nearly twelve years after Bellarmine's death, Galileo was again called before the Inquisition in this matter.
Modern physicist Pierre Duhem "suggests that in one respect, at least, Bellarmine had shown himself a better scientist than Galileo by disallowing the possibility of a 'strict proof of the earth's motion,' on the grounds that an astronomical theory merely 'saves the appearances' without necessarily revealing what 'really happens.'"[11]
Death
In his old age he was bishop of Montepulciano for four years, after which he retired to the Jesuit college of St. Andrew in Rome, where he died on 17 September 1621, aged 78.
Works
Bellarmine's books bear the stamp of their period; the effort for literary elegance (so-called "maraviglia") had given place to a desire to pile up as much material as possible, to embrace the whole field of human knowledge, and incorporate it into theology. His controversial works provoked many replies, and were studied for some decades after his death.[12] At Leuven he made extensive studies in the Church Fathers and scholastic theologians, which gave him the material for his book De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (Rome, 1613). It was later revised and enlarged by Sirmond, Labbeus, and Casimir Oudin. Bellarmine wrote the preface to the new Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.[citation needed]
Dogmatics
Main article: Disputationes
From his research grew his Disputationes de controversiis christianae fidei (also called Disputationes), first published at Ingolstadt in 1581–1593. This major work was the earliest attempt to systematize the various religious controversies of the time. Bellarmine devoted eleven years to it while at the Roman College. The first volume of the Disputationes treats of the Word of God, of Christ, and of the Pope; the second of the authority of ecumenical councils, and of the Church, whether militant, expectant, or triumphant; the third of the sacraments; and the fourth of Divine grace, free will, justification, and good works.[citation needed]
Venetian Interdict
Main article: Venetian Interdict
Under Pope Paul V (reigned 1605–1621), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy. Paolo Sarpi, as spokesman for the Republic of Venice, protested against the papal interdict, and reasserted the principles of the Council of Constance and of the Council of Basel, denying the pope's authority in secular matters. Bellarmine wrote three rejoinders to the Venetian theologians, and may have warned Sarpi of an impending murderous attack.[citation needed]
Allegiance oath controversy and papal authority
Bellarmine also became involved in controversy with King James I of England. From a point of principle for English Catholics, this debate drew in figures from much of Western Europe.[13] It raised the profile of both protagonists, King James as a champion of his own restricted Calvinist Protestantism, and Bellarmine for Tridentine Catholicism.
Devotional works
During his retirement, he wrote several short books intended to help ordinary people in their spiritual life: De ascensione mentis in Deum per scalas rerum creatorum opusculum (The Mind's Ascent to God) (1614) which was translated into English as Jacob's Ladder (1638) without acknowledgement by Henry Isaacson,[14] The Art of Dying Well (1619) (in Latin, English translation under this title by Edward Coffin),[15] and The Seven Words on the Cross.
Canonization and final resting place
Bellarmine was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930; the following year he was declared a Doctor of the Church. His remains, in a cardinal's red robes, are displayed behind glass under a side altar in the Church of Saint Ignatius, the chapel of the Roman College, next to the body of his student, St. Aloysius Gonzaga, as he himself had wished. In the Roman Catholic calendar of saints Saint Robert Bellarmine's feast day is on 17 September, the day of his death; but some continue to use pre-1969 calendars, in which for 37 years his feast day was on 13 May. The rank attributed to his feast has been "double" (1932–1959) and its equivalent "third-class feast" (1960–1968); in 1969 it was downgraded to an "optional memorial".[citation needed]
Legacy
Bellarmine University in Louisville, Kentucky is named after him, as are Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose, California and Bellarmine Preparatory School in Tacoma, Washington. Fairfield University has a Bellarmine Hall dedicated to the saint.
St. Robert Bellarmine, a church in the New Orleans suburb of Arabi, Louisiana, was destroyed shortly after its completion by Hurricane Betsy in 1965. The church was put completely underwater in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina and took on more water from Hurricane Rita less than a month later. The parish was permanently dissolved by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans immediately after Rita, and its territory was absorbed by Our Lady of Prompt Succor in neighboring Chalmette.
Footnotes
2.
Jump up ^ Rule, William Harris (1853). "A Jesuit cardinal:
Robert Bellarmine". Celebrated Jesuits 2. London: John
Mason. p. 20.
6.
Jump up ^ Blackwell (1991, p. 126). The Vatican archives
contain an unsigned copy of a more strongly worded formal injunction purporting
to have been served on Galileo shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordering
him "not to hold, teach, or defend" the condemned doctrine "in
any way whatever, either orally or in writing", and threatening him with
imprisonment if he refused to obey. However, whether this injunction was ever
properly served on Galileo is a subject of much scholarly disagreement.(Blackwell, 1991, p. 127–128)
7.
Jump up ^ Fantoli (2005, p.119). Some scholars
have suggested that Galileo's agreement was only obtained after some initial
resistance. Otherwise, the formal injunction purporting to have been served on
him during his meeting with Bellarmine (see earlier footnote) would have
been contrary to the Pope's instructions (Fantoli. 2005, pp.121, 124).
8.
Jump up ^ Blackwell (1991, p.127). Unlike the
previously mentioned formal injunction (see earlier footnote), this milder
restriction would have allowed Galileo to continue using and teaching the
mathematical content of Copernicus's theory as a purely theoretical device for
predicting the apparent motions of the planets. Maurice Finocchiaro's English
translations of the purported formal
injunction, the decree of the Congregation
of the Index and Cardinal Bellarmine's certificate are available
on-line.
10.
^ Jump up to: a b Bellarmine's 12 April
1615 letter to Galileo, translated in Galilei,
Galileo; Maurice A Finocchiaro (2008). The
essential Galileo. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Pub. Co.
pp. 146–148. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
12.
Jump up ^ On Laymen or Secular People; On the
Temporal Power of the Pope. Against William Barclay; and On the Primary
Duty of the Supreme Pontiff, are included in Bellarmine, On Temporal and
Spiritual Authority, Stefania Tutino, trans., Indianapolis, IN: Liberty
Fund, 2012
References
- Bellarmine, Robert, Spiritual Writings, New York: Paulist Press, 1989. eds., Roland J. Teske and John Patrick Donnelly ISBN 0-8091-0389-3.
- Blackwell, Richard J. (1991). Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-01024-2.
- Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp.117–149).
- McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). The Church and Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03483-4.
- McMullin, Ernan (2008). "Robert Bellarmine". In Gillispie, Charles. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies.
- Smith, Sydney (2009) [1907], "St. Robert Francis Romulus Bellarmine", in Knight, Kevin, Catholic Encyclopedia (online ed.), retrieved November 4, 2012
External links
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Find more about Robert Bellarmine at
Wikipedia's sister projects
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Media from Commons
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- Bellarmine's Letters at Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University
- St. Robert Bellarmine from Fr. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints
"St. Robert Francis Romulus Bellarmine". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1913.- CERL page
- Episodes from his life at Catholic forum web-site.
- De Laicis (treatise on civil government) in English translation
- The Seven Words on the Cross
- The Eternal Happiness of the Saints
- The Art of Dying Well (archive.org)
- The Art of Dying Well (text PDF)
- The Writings of St. Robert Bellarmine as a Source for the Declaration of Independence
- Saint Robert Bellarmine: A Moderate in a Disputatious Age
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