Reformed Churchmen

We are Confessional Calvinists and a Prayer Book Church-people. In 2012, we remembered the 350th anniversary of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer; also, we remembered the 450th anniversary of John Jewel's sober, scholarly, and Reformed "An Apology of the Church of England." In 2013, we remembered the publication of the "Heidelberg Catechism" and the influence of Reformed theologians in England, including Heinrich Bullinger's Decades. For 2014: Tyndale's NT translation. For 2015, John Roger, Rowland Taylor and Bishop John Hooper's martyrdom, burned at the stakes. Books of the month. December 2014: Alan Jacob's "Book of Common Prayer" at: http://www.amazon.com/Book-Common-Prayer-Biography-Religious/dp/0691154813/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1417814005&sr=8-1&keywords=jacobs+book+of+common+prayer. January 2015: A.F. Pollard's "Thomas Cranmer and the English Reformation: 1489-1556" at: http://www.amazon.com/Thomas-Cranmer-English-Reformation-1489-1556/dp/1592448658/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1420055574&sr=8-1&keywords=A.F.+Pollard+Cranmer. February 2015: Jaspar Ridley's "Thomas Cranmer" at: http://www.amazon.com/Thomas-Cranmer-Jasper-Ridley/dp/0198212879/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1422892154&sr=8-1&keywords=jasper+ridley+cranmer&pebp=1422892151110&peasin=198212879

Thursday, December 4, 2014

4 December 749 A.D. John of Damascus Dies


4 December 749 A.D.  John of Damascus Dies

John of Damascus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint John of Damascus
ωάννης Δαμασκηνός (Greek)
Iohannes Damascenus (Latin)
يوحنا الدمشقي (Arabic)
John Damascus (arabic icon).gif
Saint John Damascene (Arabic icon)
Born
c. 675 or 676
Damascus
Died
December 4, 749(749-12-04)
Mar Saba, Jerusalem
Honored in
December 4
March 27 (
General Roman Calendar 1890–1969)

Saint John of Damascus (Greek: ωάννης Δαμασκηνός / Iōannēs ho Damaskēnos; Latin: Iohannes Damascenus; Arabic: يوحنا الدمشقي / ALA-LC: annā ad-Dimashqī; also known as John Damascene, and as Χρυσορρόας / Chrysorrhoas, literally "streaming with gold"—i.e., "the golden speaker"; c. 675 or 676 – 4 December 749) was a Syrian monk and priest. Born and raised in Damascus, he died at his monastery, Mar Saba, near Jerusalem.[1]

A polymath whose fields of interest and contribution included law, theology, philosophy, and music, he is said by some sources to have served as a Chief Administrator to the Muslim caliph of Damascus before his ordination.[2][3] He wrote works expounding the Christian faith, and composed hymns which are still used both liturgically in Eastern Christian practice throughout the world as well as in western Lutheranism at Easter.[4] He is considered "the last of the Fathers" of the Eastern Orthodox church and is best known for his strong defense of icons.[5] The Catholic Church regards him as a Doctor of the Church, often referred to as the Doctor of the Assumption due to his writings on the Assumption of Mary.[6]

The most common source of information for the life of John of Damascus is a work attributed to one John of Jerusalem, identified therein as the Patriarch of Jerusalem.[7] This is an excerpted translation into Greek of an earlier Arabic text. The Arabic original contains a prologue not found in most other translations, and was written by an Arab monk, Michael. Michael explained that he decided to write his biography in 1084 because none was available in his day. However, the main Arabic text seems to have been written by an earlier author sometime between the early 9th and late 10th centuries AD.[7] Written from a hagiographical point of view and prone to exaggeration and some legendary details, it is not the best historical source for his life, but is widely reproduced and considered to contain elements of some value.[8] The hagiographic novel Barlaam and Josaphat, traditionally attributed to John, is in fact a work of the 10th century.[9]

Contents 



Family background


John was born into a prominent family known as Mansour (Arabic: المنصور / al-Manūr, "the victorious one") in Damascus in the 7th century AD.[10][11] His full name was Yuhanna (or Yanah) ibn Mansur ibn Sarjun (Arabic: منصور بن سرجون), named for his grandfather Mansur, who had been responsible for the taxes of the region under the Emperor Heraclius.[10][12] The lack of documentation attesting to his specific tribal lineage has led a number of scholars to assign him either to the Taghlib or the Kalb, two prominent Bedouin tribes in the Syrian desert.[13] Others suggest that he may have been of Syrian non-Arab origin.[13][14][15] Whatever the case, John of Damascus had two names: John, his Christian name, and his Arabic name, given as Qurein or Yana or Iyanis.[12]

Eutychius, a 10th-century Melkite patriarch mentions a certain Arab governor of the city who surrendered the city to the Muslims, probably John's grandfather Mansur Bin Sargun.[16] When the region came under Arab Muslim rule in the late 7th century AD, the court at Damascus retained its large complement of Christian civil servants, John's grandfather among them.[10][16] John's father, Sarjun (Sergius) or Ibn Mansur, went on to serve the Umayyad caliphs.[10] According to John of Jerusalem and some later versions of his life, after his father's death John also served as an official to the caliphal court before leaving to become a monk. This claim, that John actually served in a Muslim court, has been questioned since he is never mentioned in Muslim sources, which however do refer to his father Sarjun (Sergius) as a secretary in the caliphal administration.[17] In addition, John's own writings never refer to any experience in a Muslim court. It is believed that John became a monk at Mar Saba, and that he was ordained as a priest in 735.[10][11]

Education


One of the vitae describes his father's desire for him to "learn not only the books of the Muslims, but those of the Greeks as well." From this it has been suggested that John may have grown up bilingual.[18] John does indeed show some knowledge of the Quran, which he criticizes harshly.[19]

Other sources describes his education in Damascus as having been conducted in accordance with the principles of Hellenic education, termed "secular" by one source and "Classical Christian" by another.[20][21] One account identifies his tutor as a monk by the name of Cosmas, who had been kidnapped by Arabs from his home in Sicily, and for whom John's father paid a great price. Under the instruction of Cosmas, who also taught John's orphan friend (the future St. Cosmas of Maiuma), John is said to have made great advances in music, astronomy and theology, soon rivalling Pythagoras in arithmetic and Euclid in geometry.[21] As a refugee from Italy, Cosmas brought with him the scholarly traditions of Western Christianity.

Defence of holy images


In the early 8th century AD, iconoclasm, a movement opposed to the veneration of icons, gained some acceptance in the Byzantine court. In 726, despite the protests of St. Germanus, Patriarch of Constantinople, Emperor Leo III issued his first edict against the veneration of images and their exhibition in public places.[22] A talented writer in the secure surroundings of the caliph's court, John of Damascus undertook a spirited defence of holy images in three separate publications. The earliest of these works, his "Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images", secured his reputation. He not only attacked the emperor, but adopted a simplified style that allowed the controversy to be followed by the common people, stirring rebellion among those of Christian faith. Later, his writings would play an important role during the Second Council of Nicaea, which convened to settle the icon dispute.

The biography of John of Damascus recounts at least one episode deemed to be improbable or legendary.[23][24] It reports that Leo III sent forged documents to the caliph which implicated John in a plot to attack Damascus. The caliph then ordered John's right hand be cut off and hung up in public view. Some days afterwards, John asked for the restitution of his hand, and prayed fervently to the Theotokos before her icon: thereupon, his hand is said to have been miraculously restored.[23] In gratitude for this miraculous healing, he attached a silver hand to the icon, which thereafter became known as the "Three-handed", or Tricheirousa.[25] The biography adds that after this event John retired to the Mar Saba monastery near Jerusalem; however, an editor of his works, Father Le Quien, has shown that John was already a monk at Mar Saba before the dispute over iconoclasm, which renders the story all the more improbable.[23] It has been argued that John left Damascus to become a monk around 706, when al-Walid I increased the Islamicisation of the Caliphate's administration.[26] Muslim sources only mention that his father Sarjun (Sergius) left the administration around this time, and fail to name John at all.[27]

Last days


John died in 749 as a revered Father of the Church, and is recognized as a saint. He is sometimes called the last of the Church Fathers by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1883 he was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII.

Veneration


When the name of Saint John of Damascus was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1890, it was assigned to 27 March. The feast day was moved in 1969 to the day of the saint's death, 4 December, the day on which his feast day is celebrated also in the Byzantine Rite calendar [28] and the Lutheran Commemorations.[29]

List of works


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/St_john_damascus.gif

http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png

John of Damascus Greek icon.

Besides his purely textual works, many of which are listed below, John of Damascus also composed hymns, perfecting the canon, a structured hymn form used in Eastern Orthodox church services.[30]

Early works


  • Three Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images – These treatises were among his earliest expositions in response to the edict by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III, banning the veneration or exhibition of holy images.[31]

Teachings and dogmatic works


  • Fountain of Knowledge or The Fountain of Wisdom, is divided into three parts:

1.      Philosophical Chapters (Kephálaia philosophiká) – commonly called 'Dialectic', it deals mostly with logic, its primary purpose being to prepare the reader for a better understanding of the rest of the book.

2.      Concerning Heresy (Perì hairéseōn) – the last chapter of this part (Chapter 101) deals with the Heresy of the Ishmaelites.[32] Unlike earlier sections devoted to other heresies, which are disposed of succinctly in just a few lines, this chapter runs into several pages. It constitutes one of the first Christian refutations of Islam.

3.      An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (Ékdosis akribès tēs Orthodóxou Písteōs) – a summary of the dogmatic writings of the Early Church Fathers. This writing was the first work of Scholasticism in Eastern Christianity and an important influence on later Scholastic works.[33]

  • Against the Jacobites
  • Against the Nestorians
  • Dialogue against the Manichees
  • Elementary Introduction into Dogmas
  • Letter on the Thrice-Holy Hymn
  • On Right Thinking
  • On the Faith, Against the Nestorians
  • On the Two Wills in Christ (Against the Monothelites)
  • Sacred Parallels (dubious)
  • Octoechos (the Church's service book of eight tones)
  • On Dragons and Ghosts

The Arabic translation


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John-of-Damascus_01.jpg/220px-John-of-Damascus_01.jpg

http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf17/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png

John of Damascus.

It is believed that the homily on the Annunciation was the first work to be translated into Arabic. We can find a big part of the Arabic text in the manuscript 4226 of the Library of Strasbourg (France), a copy achieved in 885 AD.[34]

Later in the 10th century, Antony, superior of the monastery of St. Simon (near Antioch) translated a corpus of saint John Damascene. In his introduction to John's work, Sylvestre patriarch of Antioch (1724-1766) said that Antony was monk at Saint Saba. This could be a misunderstanding of the title Superior of Saint Simon probably because Saint Simon's monastery was in ruins in the 18th century.[35]

Most manuscripts give the text of the letter to Cosmas,[36] the philosophical chapters,[37] the theological chapters and five other small works.[38] Since March 2013, a first edition of this translation is available on the web.[39]

In 1085, Mikhael, a monk from Antioch wrote the Arabic life of the Chrysorrhoas.[40] This work was first edited by Bacha in 1912 and then translated in many languages (German, Russian and English).

Modern English translations


  • On holy images; followed by three sermons on the Assumption, translated by Mary H. Allies, (London: Thomas Baker, 1898)
  • Exposition of the Orthodox faith, translated by the Reverend SDF Salmond, in Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. 2nd Series vol 9. (Oxford: Parker, 1899) [reprint Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1963.]
  • Writings, translated by Frederic H. Chase. Fathers of the Church vol 37, (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958) [ET of The fount of knowledge; On heresies; The orthodox faith]
  • Daniel J. Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam: The "Heresy of the Ishmaelites", (Leiden: Brill, 1972)
  • On the divine images: the apologies against those who attack the divine images, translated by David Anderson, (New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1980)
  • Three treatises on the divine images, translation and introduction by Andrew Louth, (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2003)

2 translations exist of the 10th century hagiographic novel Barlaam and Josaphat, traditionally attributed to John:

  • Barlaam and Ioasaph, with an English translation by G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly, (London: Heinemann, 1914)
  • The precious pearl: the lives of Saints Barlaam and Ioasaph, notes and comments by Augoustinos N Kantiotes; preface, introduction, and new translation by Asterios Gerostergios, et al., (Belmont, MA: Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1997)

Notes


1.       Jump up ^ M. Walsh, ed. Butler's Lives of the Saints(HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), pp. 403.

2.       Jump up ^ Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Idols in the East: European representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100-1450, Cornell University Press, 2009 p.204

3.       Jump up ^ David Richard Thomas, Syrian Christians under Islam: the first thousand years, Brill 2001 p.19.

4.       Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book (Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, 2006), pp. 478, 487.

5.       Jump up ^ Aquilina 1999, pp. 222

6.       Jump up ^ Christopher Rengers The 33 Doctors Of The Church Tan Books & Publishers, 200, ISBN 0-89555-440-2

7.       ^ Jump up to: a b Sahas 1972, pp. 32

8.       Jump up ^ Sahas 1972, pp. 35

9.       Jump up ^ R. Volk, ed., Historiae animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (Berlin, 2006).

10.    ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brown, 2003, p. 307.

11.    ^ Jump up to: a b McEnhill and Newman, 2004, p. 154.

12.    ^ Jump up to: a b Sahas 1972, pp. 8–9

13.    ^ Jump up to: a b Sahas 1972, pp. 7

14.    Jump up ^ Louth 2005, pp. 5


16.    ^ Jump up to: a b Sahas 1972, p. 17

17.    Jump up ^ Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It Darwin Press: Princeton, 1996, 481.

18.    Jump up ^ Valantasis, p. 455

19.    Jump up ^ Hoyland,Seeing Islam as Others Saw It, 487-489.

20.    Jump up ^ Louth, 2002, p. 284.

21.    ^ Jump up to: a b Butler et al., 2000, p. 36.

22.    Jump up ^ O'Connor, John Bonaventure. "St. John Damascene". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 


24.    Jump up ^ Jameson, 2008, p. 24.

25.    Jump up ^ Andrew Louth, St. John Damascene: tradition and originality in Byzantine theology, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp.17 and 19.

26.    Jump up ^ Louth 2003, pp. 9

27.    Jump up ^ Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam (Princeton, 1996) 481.

28.    Jump up ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 109 and 119; cf. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

29.    Jump up ^ Kinnaman, Scot A. Lutheranism 101 (Concordia Publish House, St. Louis, 2010) pp. 278.

30.    Jump up ^ Shahid 2009, pp. 195

31.    Jump up ^ St. John Damascene on Holy Images, Followed by Three Sermons on the Assumption – Eng. transl. by Mary H. Allies, London, 1899.


33.    Jump up ^ Ines, Angeli Murzaku (2009). Returning home to Rome: the Basilian monks of Grottaferrata in Albania. 00046 Grottaferrata (Roma) - Italy: Analekta Kryptoferri. p. 37. ISBN 88-89345-04-7. 


35.    Jump up ^ Nasrallah, Saint Jean de Damas, son époque, sa vie, son oeuvre, Harissa, 1930, p.180



38.    Jump up ^ Nasrallah, Joseph. Histoire III, 273-281



References



External links


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