Stand Firm | Two Tickets: Two Americas

Stand Firm | Two Tickets: Two Americas

Reconstruction of Canterbury: Canterbury Archaeological Trust

 

http://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/learning/galleries/canterburys_past/

Roman Canterbury c. AD 300: a reconstruction based on archaeological evidence. Drawn by John Atherton Bowen © Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd

Roman Ridingate c. AD 300: a reconstruction based on archaeological evidence. Drawn by John Atherton Bowen © Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd

Anglo-Saxon Canterbury c. AD 600: a reconstruction based on archaeological evidence. Drawn by John Atherton Bowen © Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd

St Thomas Becket’s Canterbury: a reconstruction based on the evidence of archaeological remains, medieval documents and standing buildings. Drawn by John Atherton Bowen ©

Tudor Canterbury: a reconstruction based on archaeological and documentary evidence and standing remains. Drawn by John Atherton Bowen © Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd

Hostility to Religion in U.S. at "All-Time-High"

http://www.virtueonline.org/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=16467

Posted by David Virtue on 2012/8/29 12:00:00 (473 reads)

 

Hostility to religion in U.S. at 'all-time high'
America today would be unrecognizable to our Founders

By Tom Strode
The Baptist Presshttp://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=38588
August 2012

WASHINGTON -- Hostility toward religious expression "has reached an all-time high" in the United States, according to a new report.

"The Survey of Religious Hostility in America" shows a rising tide of attacks on religious liberty in the public square and in schools as well as against churches and ministries, Liberty Institute (LI) and Family Research Council (FRC) said in the 140-page report. The organizations released the document Aug. 17 and held an Aug. 20 news conference at Tampa, Fla., during the Republican National Convention's platform committee meeting in that city.

The report, which is an update of a 2004 survey by LI, documents more than 600 instances of hostility toward religion -- hostility it says is dramatically growing in both frequency and type. Most have taken place in the last 10 years. Religious liberty advocates have prevailed in legal challenges in some of the incidents, not in others.

"America today would be unrecognizable to our Founders," said Kelly Shackelford, LI president, and Tony Perkins, FRC president, in the introduction to the survey. "Our first freedom is facing a relentless onslaught from well-funded and aggressive groups and individuals who are using the courts, Congress, and the vast federal bureaucracy to suppress and limit religious freedom. This radicalized minority is driven by an anti-religious ideology that is turning the First Amendment upside down."

They pointed to the Obama administration's common use of the term "freedom of worship" instead of "freedom of religion" as part of the problem.

"This radical departure is one that threatens to make true religious liberty vulnerable, conditional, and limited," Shackelford and Perkins said. "As some have said, it is a freedom 'only with four walls.' That is, you are free to worship within the four walls of your home, church, or synagogue, but when you enter the public square the message is, 'leave your religion at home.'"

The Obama administration's advocacy in an important case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in January likely is one of the more criticized of the incidents of hostility documented in the survey. The administration contended there is no "ministerial exception" that safeguards the rights of churches to hire and remove leaders without government regulation. The high court unanimously disagreed, saying such government involvement would infringe on both the First Amendment's protection of religious free exercise and its ban on government establishment of religion. The ruling came in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Another Obama administration policy cited in the report is its abortion-contraceptive mandate, which requires all health insurance plans to cover contraceptives -- even ones that can cause abortions -- and has a religious exemption critics find woefully inadequate.

Among other instances of hostility cited in the report:

-- The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs at one point prohibited references to God in funerals at national cemeteries, a policy invalidated by a federal court.

-- A Texas city barred citizens at a public senior adult center from praying before meals, singing Christian songs or listening to religious messages.

-- Public school officials in Texas banned students from bringing gifts for classmates that referred to Jesus or contained other religious messages, actions that elicited censure by federal courts.

-- A Texas city outlawed a Christian ministry to former prisoners from operating within its jurisdiction, an action rejected by the state's Supreme Court.

-- A federal appeals court ruled that prayers before local government meetings violate the establishment clause.

The report calls for advocacy on behalf of religious freedom.

"As dark as this survey is, there is much light," the report says. "The secularist agenda only advances when those who love liberty are apathetic."

Liberty Institute developed the 2004 report after Shackelford and others testified to a U.S. Senate committee about hostility toward religion. Senators asked LI to compile more information after critics charged the incidents were islated.

The report may be accessed online at http://www.religioushostility.org/.

Phil Ashely: "Look Not to the Episcopal Church" (No Kidding!)

http://www.virtueonline.org/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=16466

Look Not to The Episcopal Church
By Canon Phil Ashey
The following is from the August 28 edition of the AAC's International Update http://www.americananglican.org/
August 28, 2012

I recently read an article by Dr. Michael Poon in The Living Church (August 26, 2012), "Look Beyond England." Dr. Poon, director of the Centre for the Study of Christianity in Asia (Singapore), has been a frequent critic of "post-Western colonialism"-especially those quarrels and disputes "exported and internationalized" by British and American (read "Western") Anglicans upon "institutionally weak" Anglican churches particularly in the Global South.

I was therefore astonished by his conclusion: "For me, as those in the Oxford Movement once saw, the disestablished American Episcopal Church, holding out the vision of a catholic and missionary church, offers a more promising future of spiritual renewal for the Anglican world.

The Episcopal Church, a spiritual forebear of Anglicans in Asia, will continue to occupy a central place in God's unfinished plans for Anglicans." Surely Dr. Poon must know that The Episcopal Church of today bears little resemblance to the spiritual forebears of Anglicans in Asia-the missionaries and others who came believing in an Anglicanism rooted in the Bible, the Creeds and the Thirty Nine Articles.

Surely he knows that those Anglican forebears believed in the uniqueness and universality of Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior of all people-quite unlike the leadership of The Episcopal Church USA and other western, post-modern Anglicans. Surely he must know that it is not the Bible but Post-Modernism that shapes the thinking and governance of post-Western colonial Anglicans in The Episcopal Church, The Anglican Church of Canada, the mother Church of England and elsewhere among Anglicans in the West.

Post-Modernism is the current Western cultural ideology that has been shaping revisions to the Christian faith among Anglicans dominating the governing structures of the Anglican Communion-especially those from The Episcopal Church to whom he invites us to look for hope and a future. How could he have missed the death spiral in average Sunday attendance, baptisms, and confirmations in the Episcopal Church simultaneous with its violations of Lambeth Resolution 1.10 (1998) in the consecration of partnered homosexuals as bishops, the provision of rites for same sex blessings, and now the access of transgendered persons to holy orders?

All of this is the result of (mostly) western Anglican leaders in the grip of Post-Modernism rather than in being in the grip of the Holy Spirit. Post-Modernism emerged in the 20th century especially among French philosophers like Jacques Derrida who emphasized the "deconstruction" of language so that no text-including the Bible-can be understood as having anything but multiple and conflicting interpretations.

The result is a rejection of any kind of "objective and absolute truth," (except for the absolute dogma that "there is no absolute truth".). What this means for Anglicans like you and me is that among western leaders who have embraced post-modernism, there is a lack of confidence in God's word, the Bible, as being the final authority in matters of faith, order and discipline.

It means that words like "grace," "salvation," "sin," "catholic," "missionary" and even "Lord and Savior," can mean quite different things to those who use them divorced and deconstructed from any sense of divine revelation. This is one reason why genuine dialogue and listening have been so elusive in all of the discussions around The Episcopal Church's violations of Biblical, catholic and Anglican communion teaching.

Because there is no Biblical standard for what is right or wrong when language is "deconstructed" and divorced from objective truth, truth itself becomes a moving target based on what is culturally acceptable in a particular context. And, according to post-modernism, no context is better than another.

This week I read a compelling article on "Why Post-Modernism won't win." In it, the author, Philip Rosenthal, lists several reasons why post-modernism is just another "ism" that will follow its predecessors of Marxism, National Socialism and Soviet Communism into the dustbin of history. Those reasons include: -

Western ideological empires are falling faster: "Just as the Western world is changing its clothing fashions and technology faster and faster, so ideologies are rising and falling faster and faster." -

Western Racial dominance is in question and decline: "Recently, for example, the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans called for a restructuring of the global Anglican communion away from 'British empire' dominance to an elected chairman. Reality is most of the world's Anglicans will vote for a more biblical leader than will the British." -

Post-Modern Churches are shrinking: "Even at home in the West, postmodern denominations face a crisis: the more postmodern they are, generally the more their numbers are shrinking - the opposite of what they are telling pastors." -

Demographic shrink: "The more post-modern the country, the fewer are getting married. Children are delayed. Confused gender roles discourage parenting. Postmodernists are murdering millions of their children by abortion... The result is that in a few generations, unless they can win over the immigrants to Postmodernism (which they are not), these Postmodern nations will become minorities within their own countries."

- Logical Inconsistency: First, at the core of post-modernism, "They call for 'tolerance' of their views, but are intolerant of others views. . . Secondly, they argue that nothing is absolute. But having stated this, they have just stated a belief which in their minds is absolute." The problem is that there is no logical way to argue from a post-modern perspective that anything is wrong-from pedophilia to terrorism.

The Damage of Post-Modernism is already being exposed: the fruit Postmodernism is producing in Europe and America [includes]: Dysfunctional families; divorce;abortion of babies; teen sexuality; degradation of women by pornography; spreading homosexuality; elitist arbitrary government by courts displacing democracy; population shrink - and probably it will soon slide into more problems such as legalizing sex with children and infanticide."

You can read the whole article here. http://emergingthreat.blogspot.com/2012/06/why-postmodernism-wont-win.html Surely Dr. Poon knows from the history of western ideologies that they eventually run out of steam as the intellectual elites, including church leaders,-even Anglicans-move on to the next new "ism" that will tickle their ears (quote from 2 Timothy 4:3)

Surely the future and hope of Anglicanism lies not in looking to a dying Episcopal Church and other post-modern, post-western colonial leaders in the grips of an ideology divorced not only from the Bible, but from anything meaningful and hopeful to humanity. No: the hope and future of Anglicanism lies in a return to the same values and convictions that led the spiritual forebears of Anglican believers in Asia, Africa, South America and elsewhere in the Global South to the evangelistic growth they are enjoying today.

The hope and future of Anglicanism lies in a return to the conviction that there is an objective truth which God has revealed ultimately in his word, the Holy Scriptures... in the incarnation, life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ who is uniquely Lord and savior of all people... and in his supernatural transforming love through the agency of the Holy Spirit.

The Rev. Canon Phil Ashey is COO of the American Anglican Council. He is based in Atlanta

TEC Bishop Notes TEC-Seminary Graduates Deficient Intellectually (No Kidding!)

We are not surprised in the least by AZ's TEC Bishop lamenting the poor intellectual and leadership equipment and skills from/for TEC seminary graduates. No surprises there. We have seen that predominantly in our experience, despite TEC's longstanding effort to rebut that image. Anglicanism has had a long history of scholarly Rectors and Professors, but, with liberalism's eviserative impulse intellectually and propensity to mysticism's legacy, the fruits have been seen. Exhibit A--theologically, Presiding Bishop Katherine Jefferts Schori.  She abhors classical, catholic, and confessional Christendom.

 http://www.virtueonline.org/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=16474

Dear Brothers and Sisterswww.virtueonline.org
August 31, 2012

When you live in the rarefied world of Anglican politics where liberal and conservative theologians talk, think and rage publicly, where bishops offer up their wisdom, (a lot of it unmitigated rubbish) and priests move across the Anglican chess board with handwringing exculpations and reasons why they do what they must do, it is important to remember that Jesus began his earthly ministry with 12 fisherman who had little education, took three years to get the hang of the message, became His most radical disciples and then died pretty miserable deaths. Of course things changed with the much educated St. Paul, but the first disciples got first dibs on the Master and we must never forget that. The opening salvos were from fishermen not theologians.

I say this because The Living Church, a magazine for catholic, evangelical and ecumenical Episcopalians and Anglicans whose editor Dr. Christopher Wells is a man I regard highly and whose news (associate) editor Doug LeBlanc I regard as a personal friend, ran a number of articles in their August 26 issue that, frankly, blew my mind.

The Rev. Canon Michael Poon, director and Asian Christianity coordinator of the Centre for the Study, wrote an article titled LOOK BEYOND ENGLAND looking at the global picture of Anglicanism. He concluded the article, "For me, as those in the Oxford Movement once saw, the disestablished American Episcopal Church, holding out the vision of a catholic and missionary Church, offers a more promising future of spiritual renewal for the Anglican world. The Episcopal Church, a spiritual forbear of Anglicans in Asia, will continue to occupy a central place in God's unfinished plans for Anglicans. The shaping of the next generation is the key."
Say what?

What world is he living in? Does he not know anything about what has and is going on in TEC or why it was necessary for the birth of AMIA, CANA and, ultimately, the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA)? Does someone need to buy him a round trip ticket (Singapore to NY) to see the state of The Episcopal Church? Does he have any idea what damage Bishop Gene Robinson and the later consecration of a lesbian bishop has been done to the integrity and gospel witness of TEC? Does he need to witness how multiple lawsuits over church property that has run into the tens of millions of dollars and has bankrupted the church? Does he not know of the more than 100,000 who have fled TEC and formed ACNA which now fast approaches 1,000 new churches? If he came to NY City, would he arrive in time to see a For Sale sign on the doors of 815 2nd Avenue in order to keep paying the legal fees of David Booth Beers? Is he aware of closing cathedrals, of aging and dying parishes with virtually no evangelizing going on at all? What "next generation" is Poon talking about?

TEC's seminaries are in deep financial trouble and the product they are turning out has even been criticized by the liberal bishop of Arizona Kirk Smith who publicly said we need to reduce the number of seminaries to three and then opined that "The graduates they turn out-and I speak from personal experience-are not exactly well-formed, either in intellectual knowledge or leadership ability. We need scholars in the church, to be sure, but even more we need young men and women who can grow the church. This clearly is not happening, which means..." What about this does Poon not understand? Even the liberals know the church is in trouble and Poon says that "TEC will shape the next generation."

If he was looking beyond England, why did he not see the rise of the GAFCON in the Global South, or the totality of the Global South that owns 80% of the Anglican Communion and is pretty solidly evangelical? Why did he ignore the Jerusalem Declaration which has more support than The Covenant?

Another article by Mark Chapman, an Oxford theologian, does a Retrospect on the tenure of Rowan Williams painting him as a sort of heroic failure, a man who consistently did not force his own views on people, or usually even given a steer. He closes with this, "Williams has carried the burdens of conflict, and has shown a huge and sometimes costly commitment to unity...".

What unity? When Robinson was consecrated in 2003, Williams did nothing about it except to say that this was not a nice thing to do and please don't do it again...that this could affect unity. Global South leaders never again broke bread at any primatial gathering with Frank Griswold, abandoning altogether such gatherings, and began forming their own more perfect unions. What about the absence of 200 bishops at the last Lambeth conference.

Both men write as though the C of E and TEC are still somehow viable players in global Anglicanism; SE Asian theologian Poon completely ignores the incredible evangelical growth of the Global South and their growing leadership role in the Anglican Communion. He praises The Covenant without mentioning The Jerusalem Declaration.

One sees the same kind of blindness in North American Anglican Communion Institute (ACI) theologians. I wonder if, perhaps, I am slowly losing my mind and that one day I will wake up from some spiritual fog -- just in time to see TEC rise up in glory as its finances dwindle, its parishes close, its aging flocks die off leading us all into the Promised Land of completed "listening", renewal, reconciliation and revival with a smear of Indaba to make it all work.

For a truly brilliant analysis of Poon's diatribe read Canon Phil Ashey's Look Not to The Episcopal Church here: http://tinyurl.com/8bfhy6v

GAFCON to Crown Commissioners: Concerning Archbishop of Canterbury

http://www.virtueonline.org/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=16464

Posted by David Virtue on 2012/8/28 12:00:00 (1228 reads)

 

RE: Appointment of a new Archbishop of Canterbury

FROM: The Global South of the Anglican Communion Secretariat:
37 St Paul Road, Vacoas, Mauritius http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/

TO: The Rt Hon the Lord Luce KG, GCVO Chairman,
Crown Nominations Commission
20 July 2012

The Global South of the Anglican Communion, comprising more than fifty-five million of the eighty million members of the Anglican Communion, deeply appreciate our historical relation with the See of Canterbury. We therefore commend the following to the Crown Nominations Commission for your serious consideration.

It is the reality of the Anglican Communion in the 21st Century that the majority of Anglicans are found within the Global South, especially in Africa. Resulting from the faithful witness of Western missionaries over the past two hundred years, Anglicans today stand in worship and witness amidst diverse cultures, among ancient traditions and often in inter-religious tensions.

As noted in the media release of the Church of England on the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury, one of his responsibilities is to be "the Focus of Unity of the Anglican Communion... primus inter pares among the bishops." This role calls for the new Archbishop of Canterbury to always act in a conciliar and collegial manner with his fellow Primates because his decisions will affect the life and witness of Provinces worldwide.

The new Archbishop of Canterbury should have the experience and cross-cultural sensitivity to understand the concerns and conflicts in the worldwide Communion. Ho has to be able to communicate effectively with, and gain the respect and confidence of, his fellow Primates in the Global South. He has to be able, together with his fellow Primates, to more effectively restructure the Anglican Communion Office and the Anglican Consultative Council to better serve the Communion.

At a time when the Christian faith faces challenges from other religious as well as secular worldviews, the new Archbishop of Canterbury must be committed to uphold the orthodoxy of the Christian "faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints" (Jude 3), To fulfill his calling and vow as Guardian of Faith, he must have the capacity to collectively put into effect the decisions taken at Lambeth Conferences and Primates Meetings, especially on issues that have led to the present crisis in the Communion.

To secure the future and the unity of the Communion at a foundational level, the new Archbishop of Canterbury has to work with his fellow Primates to address the ecclesial deficit of the Anglican Communion highlighted in the report of the Windsor Continuation Group.

The Archbishop of Canterbury is also responsible to work with ecumenical partners for the unity of the "one holy catholic and apostolic Church". The new Archbishop of C4nterbury must be able to build upon the work of his predecessors while avoiding any further actions that may widen the gap between us and these partners.

In conclusion, the Global South Primates expect to be consulted on this decision of great importance for the Communion, and look forward eagerly to the new Archbishop of Canterbury to uplift God's people in the Anglican fold worldwide in obedience to God's Word.

We wholeheartedly pray and hope that the unity of our beloved Anglican Communion will be restored and strengthened.

Faithfully in Christ,

/S/ Most Rev Dr Mouneer Anis Primate,
The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem & Middle East Chairman,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Nicholas Okoh Primate,
The Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) Vice-Chairman,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Ian Ernest Primate,
The Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean Honorary Secretary,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Bolly Lapok Primate,
The Church of the Province of South East Asia Honorary Treasurer,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Stephen Than Primate,
The Church of the Province of Myanmar (Burma) Member,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Henri Isingoma Primate,
Province de I'Eglise Anglicane du Congo Member,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Daniel Deng Primate,
The Episcopal Church of the Sudan Member, Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev Dr Elind Wabukla Primate,
The Anglican Church of Kenya Member,
Global South Primates Steering Committee

/S/ Most Rev David Vunagi Primate,
The Church of the Province of Melanesra

/S/ Most Rev Joseph Kopapa Primate,
The Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea

/S/ Most Rev Onesphore Rwaje Primate,
Province de l'Eglise Anglicane au Rwanda

/S/ Most Rev Bernard Ntahouri Primate,
the Anglican Church of Burundi

/S/ Most Rev Valentino Mokiwa Primate,
The Anglican Church of Tanzania

/S/ Right Rev Dr Chad Gandiyh
Representing the Primate of The Church of the Province of Central Africa

/S/ Right Rev Dr Johannes Seoka
Representing the Primate of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa

/S/ Right Rev Matthias Medadues-Badohu
Representing the Primate of The Church of the Provinceof the West Africa

/S/ Right Rev Peter Bartlett
Representing the Primate of Iglesia Anglicana del Cono Sur de America

CC: Most Rev Dr Barry Morgan Primate
representing the Anglican Communion, Crown Nominations Commission

Mere Anglicanism: 24-26 Jan 2013

http://www.mereanglicanism.com/

Mere Anglicanism Conference January 24-26, 2013

VISION: Mere Anglicanism’s vision is for a reformed, renewed orthodox Anglicanism within North America. We recognize that to achieve a restored and faithful Anglicanism, many battles must be fought, many lessons learned. Seminaries must be re-made with faithful, godly deans and teachers. Orthodox Anglicans must be re-connected with one another, and learn to work together strategically and tactically. Dioceses and parishes must develop the right conditions for re-growing believing, discipled Christians — including choosing the leadership of orthodox bishops and priests. Even our publications and media — magazines, web sites, journals, curricula, devotional guides, and more — must communicate truth with clarity, beauty, and a passionate gospel commitment.

Central to all of these efforts are educated, authentically discipled, active Anglicans — both lay and clergy — who are prepared and formed for leadership. And that is Mere Anglicanism’s purpose.

Mere Anglicanism is an event-oriented organization that provides the tools and resources to disciple, train, and educate lay and clergy leaders. We bring in thinkers and teachers who help people become informed, equipped leaders and who “take theology home with them”.

Mere Anglicanism does not take a particular stance on what tactics Anglicans should use to reform and restore Anglicanism. For this reason, we do not take a position on whether Anglicans must remain within certain church bodies — or must leave certain church bodies. All of us recognize, however, that whether inside or outside, we must develop discipled, educated laypeople and clergy who are prepared to play their part in the renewal of Anglicanism. We are about deep, intentional Christian formation in the Anglican expression.
LOCATION: The 2013 conference is located at the St. Philip’s Church at 142 Church Street, Charleston, SC 29403.

CONTACT: For further event information contact the Conference Administrator Kester Heaton at mereanglicanism@gmail.com or call her at (843) 693-1831 or (843) 696-7434.

Speakers

T

he Right Reverend Dr. Paul William Barnett is an ancient historian and New Testament scholar and a former Anglican Bishop of North Sydney from 1990 to 2001. He is a prominent historical writer on the rise of Christianity and the historical Jesus. He is currently a fellow in ancient history at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia and a teaching fellow at Regent College, Vancouver, Canada.

Bishop Barnett holds a MA Hons from the University of Sydney, a ThL from Australian College of Theology, a BD Hons and a PhD (London) on the interaction between the New Testament and Jewish history of the first century. His dissertation at the University of London was titled “The Jewish eschatalogical prophets A.D. 40-70 in their theological and political setting”. “ He is now a teaching fellow at Regent College, Vancouver, and is a respected classicist and historian.”

Barnett was ordained in 1965 and ministered at St Barnabas’ Broadway in Sydney and North Terrace in Adelaide before becoming the master of Robert Menzies College at Macquarie University from 1980. He was later the chairman of the New Documents Illustrating early Christianity project which is now in its 10th volume. The ninth volume was dedicated to Barnett and contains an introduction on his impact on New Testament ancient history by Edwin Judge.



Eric Metaxas is the author of the New York Times #1 bestseller, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy, which was named “Book of the Year” by the ECPA. Metaxas’ Bonhoeffer also won the 2011 John C. Pollock Award for Biography awarded by Beeson Divinity School and a 2011 Christopher Award in the Non-fiction category. Called a “biography of uncommon power,” Bonhoeffer appeared on numerous 2010 “Best of the Year” lists and was featured in the Wall Street Journal, Publishers Weekly, The New Republic, Harper’s, Kirkus (starred review), NPR, FoxNews, C-SPAN’s Book TV, Christianity Today, The Weekly Standard, and First Things.

Eric Metaxas was born in New York City and grew up in Danbury, Connecticut, attending the public schools there, and graduated from Yale University. At Yale he made a literary splash as editor of the Yale Record, the nation’s oldest college humor magazine, and a subsequent literal splash. In addition to his theological writings, he is an acclaimed, award-wining children’s author. Metaxas has also been featured as a cultural commentator on CNN, MSNBC, and the Fox News. He is the founder and host of Socrates in the City: Conversations on the Examined Life, a monthly event of ”entertaining and thought-provoking discussions on ‘life, God, and other small topics”. Eric’s biography, Amazing Grace: William Wilberforce and the Heroic Campaign to End Slavery was published by Harper One, and was the “official companion book” to the feature film, also titled Amazing Grace.



BISHOP MICHAEL NAZIR-ALI
He was born in Karachi, Pakistan. He attended the Roman Catholic-run St Patrick’s school in Karachi and began attending Roman Catholic services and identifying as Christian at the age of 15; he was formally received into the Church of Pakistan age 20.

Bishop Nazir-Ali attended Saint Patrick’s High School, Karachi, read economics, Islamic history, and sociology at the University of Karachi (BA 1970) and studied in preparation for ordination at Ridley Hall, Cambridge (1970). He undertook further postgraduate studies in theology at St Edmund Hall, Oxford (BLitt 1974, MLitt 1981), Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge (MLitt 1976), and the Australian College of Theology (PhD 1983). He has also studied at the Center for the Study of World Religions at Harvard Divinity School. His particular academic interests include comparative literature and comparative philosophy of religion. In addition to teaching appointments in Australia and Canada, he has been a tutor in the University of Cambridge, Senior Tutor of Karachi Theological College, and Visiting Professor of Theology and Religious Studies in the University of Greenwich. He has been elected an Honorary Fellow of his colleges at Oxford (St Edmund Hall) and Cambridge (Fitzwilliam). From 1986 until 1989, while he was Assistant to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Co-ordinator of Studies and Education for the Lambeth Conference, he was Honorary Curate of Oxford St Giles and St Philip and St James with St Margaret.

He was ordained an Anglican priest in 1976 and worked in Karachi and Lahore, and became the first Bishop of Raiwind in West Punjab (1984-86) — at the time, the youngest bishop in the Anglican Communion. When his life was endangered in Pakistan in 1986, Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury, arranged for his refuge in England. Nazir-Ali says, “…the reason behind some of the difficulties I was facing was removed when General Zia was killed – unfortunately for him, and I am now not doing the work that I was doing at the time with the very poor.” . He became an assistant to the Archbishop at Lambeth and assisted with the planning of the 1988 Lambeth Conference; he was General Secretary of the Church Mission Society 1989-1994 and concurrently Assistant Bishop of Southwark. He was appointed Bishop of Rochester, England in 1994, and in 1999 entered the House of Lords as one of the “Lords Spiritual” because of his seniority in episcopal office, the first religious leader from Asia to serve there. He ceased to be a member of the House of Lords upon his retirement in 2009. He presently serves as director of the Oxford Centre for Training, Research, Advocacy and Dialogue.

Bishop Nazir-Ali’s published writings include the following: Islam: A Christian Perspective (1983); Frontiers in Christian-Muslim Encounters (1987); From Everywhere to Everywhere: A World View of Christian Mission (1990); Thinking globally, acting locally (1992); Mission and Dialogue: Proclaiming the Gospel Afresh in Every Age (1995); The Mystery of Faith (1995); Citizens and Exiles: Christian Faith in a Plural World (2000); Shapes of the Church to Come (2001); Understanding My Muslim Neighbour (2003); Conviction And Conflict: Islam, Christianity And World Order (2005); and many other articles in newspapers and journals.



Dr. Allen P. Ross is a professor of Old Testament and Beeson Divinity School at Stamford University in Birmingham, Alabama. He holds a B.A. in Biblical Studies, Bob Jones University, Th.M., Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary, and a Ph.D., University of Cambridge.

Dr. Ross joined the faculty in 2002 as Beeson Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew. He is the author of Introducing Biblical Hebrew and Grammar, Holiness to the Lord: A Guide to the Exposition of the Book of Leviticus, Creation and Blessing: A Guide to the Study and Exposition of Genesis, Recalling the Hope of Glory: Biblical Worship from the Garden to the New Creation, and A Commentary on the Psalms (Kregel 2012). He has contributed numerous articles to scholarly journals. Previously, he taught at Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry and Dallas Theological Seminary, and served as director of the Christian Leadership Center, Tallahassee, Florida. With an earlier background in Baptist and Presbyterian churches, he has been associated with the Episcopal Church since 1979.

T

The Reverend Dr David Wenham is a British theologian and author of several books on the New Testament. Dr. Wenham studied theology at Cambridge University before undertaking doctoral research under F. F. Bruce. After becoming the Theological Students’ Secretary with the UCCF he taught at Union Biblical Seminary in India before returning to become the Director of Tyndale House (Cambridge)’s Gospels Research Project. While in Cambridge he completed part-time ordination training at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, before moving to the staff of Wycliffe Hall in the University of Oxford. He was the tutor in New Testament at Wycliffe Hall from 1983 to 2007 and served under four different principals. He was dean and vice principal for several years as well as assisting with the ministry in the parish of Cumnor. In 2007 David was appointed as Senior Tutor in New Testament at Trinity College, Bristol.

He is particularly interested in questions to do with the origins and historical reliability of the gospels. He is involved in helping people to understand the first century context of Jesus and the early church, and to get students to be intelligently and responsibly excited about the New Testament and equipped to teach it to others. He has written many publications including “The Parables of Jesus” , a guide to the teaching of Jesus and his most recent book “Paul and Jesus: the true story” an introduction to Paul, looking at questions of history and theology in the book of Acts, Paul’s letters and the gospels.

Anglican TV: ABP Duncan Discusses AMiA Crisis

Archbishop Duncan discusses the AMiA Crisis

Submitted by kkallsen on Thu, 08/30/2012 - 00:43

 

Kevin Kallsen and Archbishop Duncan sit down to an intense interview about how the year-old AMiA crisis is affecting the Anglican Church in North American and international relations with the Global South and GAFCON.

Submitted by kkallsen on Thu, 08/30/2012 - 00:43

02:59

 

John Frame: "Backgrounds to My Thought"

http://www.frame-poythress.org/about/john-frame-full-bio/

Backgrounds to My Thought

John M. Frame

I’VE BEEN ASKED to list some people and writings that have influenced the distinctive ideas of my theology, apologetics, and ethics. But such a list will not mean anything to most readers unless I explain to some extent why and how these people and writings have influenced me.

First some general autobiography, overlapping what I say in RLT, included in this volume.

I was born in the Pittsburgh area in 1939. I received Christ as my personal Savior and Lord at around age thirteen, through the ministry of Beverly Heights, an evangelical congregation of the United Presbyterian Church of North America. This was about the time Billy Graham first visited Pittsburgh, where I lived. I went to one of his meetings, with the church youth group. Although I did not “go forward,” some of my friends did, and I saw profound changes in their lives. I sensed my own sin and need for Christ and came to trust him.

The music ministry of the church also changed me profoundly. I took organ lessons there and sang in the choir. The youth ministry taught me the gospel; the music ministry drove it into my heart. From that time on, I have been deeply interested in worship.

My theological interests, too, began very soon after my conversion. Our youth leader, Bob Kelley, was not afraid to get us kids into some pretty heavy duty theology; he later became a professor of New Testament at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. Another professor there was Dr. John H. Gerstner, the same one who had such a deep influence on R. C. Sproul. Gerstner was a frequent speaker at our youth camps and rallies. He was a Socratic master teacher: I don’t think I’ve completely forgotten anything I heard him say, or any of the thought processes he conjured up within me.

In high school years I also listened closely to a number of radio preachers, particularly Donald Grey Barnhouse of the Bible Study Hour and Peter Eldersveld of the Back to God Hour. Barnhouse was an evangelical pastor in the liberal Presbyterian denomination (PCUSA), rather dispensational in his theology. Eldersveld was a Dutch Calvinist from the Christian Reformed Church. Both had gifts for vivid language and persuasive argument. I hung on their every word.

Princeton University, 1957–61

At Princeton University, the main influences on me were my teachers on the one hand and the Princeton Evangelical Fellowship (PEF) on the other. The PEF was just about the only evangelical group on campus at the time. Through its ministry (and that of Westerly Road Church) I grew spiritually as at no other time in my life. My knowledge of the Bible went to a deeper level at PEF under the teaching of Dr. Donald Fullerton.1 Both PEF and Beverly Heights encouraged me to memorize Scripture. I learned some seven hundred verses through the Navigators’ Topical Memory System, and those are the verses that continue today to serve as landmarks for my theology.

PEF was dispensational in its viewpoint, as Barnhouse was, but Gerstner thought dispensationalism was an awful heresy. I never accepted the dispensational system, but neither could I accept Gerstner’s harshly negative verdict about it. My friends at PEF were godly people who loved Jesus and the Word. We prayed together every day and visited dorm rooms to bring the gospel to fellow students. Princeton was a spiritual battleground, and the PEF folks were my fellow soldiers. Struggling together for Jesus against opposition tends to magnify the unity of believers and to decrease the importance of disagreement. Surely Jesus intended for his people to wage this battle together, not separated into different denominations and theological factions. My experience with PEF (and earlier with Graham) prevented me from ever being anti-evangelical, as are many of my Reformed friends. At Princeton, I became an ecumenist.

I majored in philosophy and also took courses in religion, literature, and history. The religion courses, together with the denominational campus ministries, gave me my first introduction to theological liberalism. Although I had toyed with similar ideas during my high school years, I sharply rebelled against liberalism in college. Princeton liberalism was casual religion: no authoritative Bible, no passion for souls, no desire for holiness, no vitality. Indeed, the Christ of Scripture simply wasn’t there. Later, I read J. Gresham Machen’s Christianity and Liberalism,2 which argued that liberalism was an entirely different religion from Christianity, and I found it entirely persuasive. Although liberalism has changed its face in the years since, I still see it as the opposite of the biblical gospel.

PEF taught me the importance of holding firmly to the supreme authority (including infallibility and inerrancy) of Scripture as God’s Word, over against liberal religion. I have never abandoned that foundation, and it has played a major role in my teaching. In PEF, further, one could never argue a theological position without appealing directly to Scripture. Although this approach is sometimes derided as “proof-texting,” I believe that rightly used, it constitutes the only sound theological method, and this has been a major emphasis in my work through my life. In this regard, see especially my article IDSCB.

My philosophy teachers, for the most part, did not profess to be Christians at all, liberal or otherwise. Walter Kaufmann, who had recently published his Critique of Religion and Philosophy,3 was an expert on Friedrich Nietzsche and himself a very Nietzschean thinker, who did his best to destroy his students’ Christian beliefs. His anti-Christian arguments didn’t bother me much, by the grace of God. But I greatly enjoyed Kaufmann’s brilliant intellect, clarity, and wit. His writings influenced my own writing style. (Over the years, I have had to temper the polemic edge of that style.) And like me, he had no sympathy with liberal theology. He attacked both conservative and liberal Christianity with equal zest, even presenting a persuasive critique of the liberal “documentary hypothesis,” which divided the Pentateuch into works of many different authors.

Other philosophy teachers gave me a good introduction to the history of philosophy, particularly Gregory Vlastos in Greek and medieval philosophy and George Pitcher in the modern period. I also studied with Ledger Wood, who revised and updated Frank Thilly’s widely used A History of Philosophy. 4 But in general, the Princeton philosophers took a negative approach to their discipline’s history. For them, the history of philosophy was largely a history of error. When we studied Plato, the important thing was to see all the mistakes Plato had made, not to value his vision. Same with other philosophers. This negativism can be understood partly from the fact that Princeton’s philosophy department was one of the last to abandon logical positivism. Carl Hempel, the positivist of the Berlin school, taught logic and philosophy of science and, like other positivists, despised metaphysics, which had been such a central concern of the philosophic tradition.

Yet I did take a course in metaphysics at Princeton. It was the last one ever taught in that era: shortly afterward, the department voted to never again list a course with the word metaphysics in it. But the course I took from G. Dennis O’Brien had a large impact on my thinking. O’Brien was a young Roman Catholic (although Kaufmann said he could not vouch for O’Brien’s orthodoxy). He had studied at the University of Chicago and valued the “classical realism” of Richard McKeon and John Wild.

In the metaphysics course, we studied Aristotle, Spinoza, and John Dewey, three philosophers of very different eras, with very different-looking metaphysical systems. O’Brien rejected the find-the-mistakes approach of his colleagues. When he taught Aristotle, one would have assumed that he was Aristotelian. But when he taught Spinoza, he seemed Spinozist, and when he taught Dewey, Deweyan. His general point was that if you started where Aristotle started, understanding his inheritance from his predecessors, understanding the questions he tried to answer, using the conceptual equipment available to him, thinking with the same intellectual gifts Aristotle enjoyed, you would probably come to the same conclusions he did. For O’Brien, the same could be said of Spinoza and of Dewey.

Aristotle described the world as a collection of things, Spinoza of facts, Dewey of processes; but these, to O’Brien, were not so much factual differences as differences in the philosopher’s “way with the facts.” Metaphysics in general, he thought, was not a discovery of new facts, but rather it explored “ways with the facts.”5 Although O’Brien didn’t use this terminology, what I took from his analysis was that Aristotle, Spinoza, and Dewey looked at the world from three “perspectives,” as if viewing from three different angles.

I didn’t entirely agree with this approach, and still do not. I think there are such things as “metaphysical facts,” and I believe that many disagreements in metaphysics are precisely factual disagreements. But O’Brien’s course was stimulating to me as few other courses have been. I was convinced that alongside other differences among philosophers (including factual differences), there were also “perspectival” differences. That is to say, not all the differences between thinkers are differences between truth and falsity, right and wrong; factual disagreements; or differences between clear thinking and “mistakes.” Some are also differences in perspective, looking at the same truth from different angles. That was the beginning of my inclination to understand reality “perspectivally.”

So when I graduated from Princeton, I was biblically oriented (almost biblicistic, but I think in a good way), antiliberal, ecumenical, and incipiently perspectivalist.

Westminster Theological Seminary (Philadelphia), 1961–64

At Westminster, I studied largely with the “old faculty” that had taught there from the 1930s: Cornelius Van Til, John Murray, Ned Stonehouse, Paul Woolley, and Edward J. Young, plus some gifted younger men, such as Edmund Clowney and Meredith G. Kline.

I had begun to read Van Til in college, seeking help in dealing with the philosophical problems I encountered at Princeton. I had earlier read C. S. Lewis’s Mere Christianity,6 The Problem of Pain,7 and Miracles.8 Van Til was very critical of Lewis, but Lewis actually prepared me for Van Til. The Miracles book was especially helpful to me. There, Lewis showed that naturalism and Christianity were two distinct and incompatible worldviews, and that arguments against miracles typically assume that naturalism is true. Lewis seemed to me to be entirely right, and that readied me to believe Van Til’s assertion that the Christian faith is a worldview unto itself, with its own distinctive metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Lewis also prepared me to accept Van Til’s view that opposition to Christianity is not based fundamentally on factual discovery, but rather on presuppositions that rule out Christianity from the outset of the discussion.

Van Til became the greatest influence on my apologetics and theology. In my view, although I have been subjected to some derision for saying this, Van Til was the most important Christian thinker since John Calvin. His message is precisely what people of our time need most to hear: that the lordship of Jesus Christ must govern our thoughts (2 Cor. 10:5) as well as every other area of life. Every problem of theology, apologetics, biblical studies, science, and philosophy takes on a very different appearance when we reject non-Christian presuppositions and seek to think consistently according to Christian ones. Certainly, nobody who has not spent time with Van Til can understand well what I am about.9

I was interested in Van Til not only for his presuppositional epistemology and apologetic, but also for ideas of his that are less well known. In my Van Til the Theologian10 booklet and in my larger book CVT, I discuss Van Til as a theologian, particularly his understanding of theological method. I took an interest, for example, in his threefold understanding of revelation in his Introduction to Systematic Theology:11 revelation from God, nature, and man. He subdivided these, in turn, into various permutations: revelation from God about God, from God about nature, from God about man, from nature about God, etc. He also developed his ethics in accord with another threefold distinction found in the Westminster Confession of Faith: every ethical decision may be evaluated according to its goal, motive, and standard.12 He denied that these topics must be taken up in any particular order, for he believed that each implied the others.

O’Brien had led me to think in terms of “perspectives.” My Christian adaptation of O’Brien, under Van Til’s tutelage, was that perspectivalism was necessary, since unlike God we are finite beings. We cannot see everything at once, as God does. So we must investigate things, first from this angle, then from that. But Van Til took me a step further: from a general perspectivalism to what would be called triperspectivalism, to a set of threefold distinctions that are especially important for our reflection. Nature, man, and God; goal, motive, and standard.

Edmund Clowney reinforced this triadic perspective. In his course on the doctrine of the church, he produced an impressive pyramid diagram. The pyramid’s base was divided into two intersecting triads, one listing the church’s ministries, the other the church’s leadership. The ministries were worship, edification, and witness. The offices of the church provided leadership in teaching, rule, and mercy. The diagram also distinguished “general” officers from “special,” by bifurcating the triangle into an upper and a lower section. All Christians hold the “general” office as teachers, rulers, and givers of mercy. But there are also specially ordained people who have particular responsibilities in these areas: teaching elders, ruling elders, and deacons. Above the pyramid, with a space between him and the rest of the pyramid, was Jesus Christ, the head of the church, who embodies the ultimate in all the offices, the supreme Prophet, Priest, and King.13

My triperspectivalism began to bring together Van Til’s triads, Clowney’s triads, and some others into a general overview. When I later began teaching at Westminster, I taught the doctrine of God, organizing the material under the general headings of God’s transcendence and immanence, following a common pattern in theology. But I became uneasy with this approach, coming to sense that transcendence was an ambiguous idea. Does it mean that God is so far from us as to be “wholly other” (Otto, Barth)? If so, how can he also be immanent? It occurred to me that biblically it would make more sense to define transcendence in terms of God’s kingship or lordship: God is not infinitely removed from us in Scripture; rather, he rules us. My studies in divine lordship yielded an emphasis on God’s control, authority, and covenant presence, which I came to call his lordship attributes. When Scripture talks about God’s being “high” and “lifted up,” it is not referring to some kind of wholly-otherness, but to God’s kingly control and authority over his own domain. So why not define transcendence in those terms? And then immanence can refer to his covenant presence, his determination to be “with” his people, Immanuel.

Then (since I also taught ethics) I came to see that this threefold scheme correlated with Van Til’s “goal, motive, standard.” God’s control was his lordship over nature and history, so that they conspired always to achieve the goal of God’s glory. His authority was the standard for the behavior of his creatures. And his redemptive presence, in the hearts of his people, creates in them the motives necessary for good works.

This threefold understanding also applied to the doctrine of revelation and Scripture, which I also taught in my early years. As Van Til said, there is revelation from God, nature, and man about God, nature, and man. Nature is, of course, under God’s control. But God also comes in person (and in his written Word) to speak to us with authority. Further, he reveals himself in human beings, his image, which is to say that God’s revelation is present in us as well as outside us.

I came to believe that the ultimate root of these triads was the triune character of God. He is the Father, who develops an authoritative plan; the Son, who carries out that plan by his powerful control of all things; and the Spirit, who as the presence of God applies that plan to nature, history, and human beings.

This narrative has gone beyond my Westminster student years, but I need to return there to mention some other influences. One important influence was certainly Meredith G. Kline, who made exciting discoveries about the nature of biblical covenants. In my later teaching and writing, I made much use of Kline’s idea that covenants were essentially treaties between the great King Yahweh and the “vassal” people that he has called to be his. As Kline showed, these treaties took written form, and their literary structure was somewhat constant: the name of the great King, the historical description of his past blessings to the vassal, the stipulations or laws of the covenant, and the sanctions: the blessings for obedience and the curses for disobedience. In the triad of history, law, sanctions, I found another application of my triperspectivalism. The history describes God’s powerful control over nature and history; the law pronounces his authoritative requirements; the sanctions show that he is not an absentee Lord, but is present to show mercy to and discipline his people.

Kline identifies Scripture as God’s treaty document in his The Structure of Biblical Authority,14 a book that I have used again and again in my own teaching and writing. I think it is the first real theological breakthrough since B. B. Warfield on the nature of the Bible. The treaty is authored by the great King, is holy (placed in the sanctuary), and has supreme authority for the vassal. In this study, Kline shows that God intends to rule his people by a book.

But I also received much help from other Westminster professors in maintaining a strong doctrine of Scripture. Edward J. Young’s Thy Word Is Truth15 was a great help in showing me the biblical rationale for the doctrine of inerrancy. Indeed, every course I took at Westminster in some way reinforced the truth of the authority of Scripture. Edmund Clowney showed us that the primacy of God’s Word could be found on nearly every page of Scripture. Van Til, in The Protestant Doctrine of Scripture16 and in An Introduction to Systematic Theology, presented biblical authority as inevitable, in terms of a Christian philosophy. And John Murray’s wonderful article “The Attestation of Scripture”17 and his Calvin on Scripture and Divine Sovereignty18 summarized the issues masterfully.

I should say something more about John Murray. It was common in those days for students to say that they had come to Westminster for Van Til but that they stayed for Murray. Murray was not well known outside Reformed circles, but as a theologian he was peerless. Murray, Clowney, and Van Til are the authors I refer to most often today. Murray’s Collected Writings19 are a wonderful treasury of exegesis and theological reflection. The present-day criticism of Murray in Reformed circles is in my judgment unworthy of him.

What I learned best from Murray was his theological method. At Princeton, my PEF friends urged me not to study at Westminster. In their view, Reformed theology was more a celebration of its own tradition than a serious reading of Scripture. When I came to Westminster, I was armed by this criticism. If Westminster had defended its teaching mainly by referring to its confessions and past thinkers, I would not have been persuaded. But Murray focused on Scripture itself. His classes were almost entirely spent in exegeting the main biblical sources on each topic. In this, he was not afraid to differ from Reformed tradition, even the confessions, when he believed the biblical text pointed in a different direction. He described his method in his essay “Systematic Theology,”20 which I have read again and again, and on which every young theologian should deeply meditate. Here he condemns traditionalism and advocates a concentration on biblical exegesis.

My own theology is very unlike Murray’s in style, diction, and emphasis. But in its method and most of its conclusions, my work is more like his than any other theological writer’s.

I was more ambivalent to the large emphasis at Westminster on redemptive history or biblical theology. A number of the professors had been deeply influenced by Geerhardus Vos, professor of biblical theology at Princeton Seminary. Edmund Clowney, although he had not studied with Vos, was also enthusiastic about Vos’s ideas and taught students to focus their sermons on the redemptive-historical significance of each text. This meant that biblical texts were intended to proclaim redemption in Christ (the Old Testament looking forward to him, the New Testament reflecting on his incarnation, atonement, resurrection, and ascension). Sermons, on this view, should also focus on redemption and not on, say, the moral successes or failures of biblical characters. Sermons that used biblical characters to illustrate spiritual or moral issues were called “exemplarist” or “moralistic.”

I, too, was impressed by the importance of redemptive history, and to this day I benefit most from sermons that have that focus, which is, in the end, a focus on Christ. Clowney was one of my very favorite preachers. In some circles, however, this emphasis has become divisive and sectarian. Churches have been divided by extreme advocates of redemptive history who say that one must never, ever use a biblical character as a moral example, and who bend texts in bizarre ways to make them “point to Christ.” I think this extreme form of the movement has been harmful. The extreme polemic against “exemplarism” is misplaced. Scripture does, in fact, point to characters in its narrative as positive and negative examples (Matt. 12:3–8; 1 Cor. 11:1; Heb. 11; 12:16), and Scripture strongly emphasizes godly examples as an aid to spiritual growth (1 Tim. 4:12; cf. 3:1–13). This is not opposed to the centrality of Christ. In the Bible, Christ is Redeemer, but he is also the supreme example of holy living (Phil. 2:1–11; 1 Peter 2:21; 4:1; 1 John 3:16). So Westminster’s emphasis on redemptive history was a stimulus to my thinking, but my experience there led me to oppose redemptive-historical extremism.

I should also mention another major influence on my thought from this period, although from one who was not on the Westminster faculty: Francis Schaeffer. I met Schaeffer only three or four times in my life. I spent a night at his chalet in Switzerland in 1960, but he was away in the States at the time. I hoped to spend more time there, but God never opened the door. Nevertheless, reports of God’s work at L’Abri stirred my soul, and I sought any opportunity to read Schaeffer’s letters and, when later available, his books.

Early in my study at Westminster, I read Schaeffer’s article “A Review of a Review,” published in The Bible Today.22 Schaeffer had studied both with Van Til and with the editor of The Bible Today, J. Oliver Buswell. Buswell had been very critical of Van Til. Schaeffer’s article sought to bring them closer together. Much of Schaeffer’s argument made sense to me, and from then on I believed that the differences between Van Til’s and the “traditional” apologetic were somewhat less than Van Til understood them to be.

Even more impressive to me, however, was Schaeffer’s example as an evangelist. L’Abri sought both to give “honest answers to honest questions” to the people who visited and to show them an example of radical Christian love and hospitality, a “demonstration that God is real.” I came to know many who had been converted through L’Abri, or had been deeply influenced by the ministry. Almost without exception, these believers were spiritually mature, balanced, passionate about both truth and holiness. Although I watched L’Abri from afar off, it influenced my own ministry more than many who were closer by.

I also thought much during my student years about the process of theological education itself. Westminster education was very academic. The seminary sought to draw a very sharp line between academy and church, to the point that many students (more radical than their professors, of course) thought it was inappropriate to have chapel exercises or prayer meetings on campus. I reacted sharply against this kind of thinking. It seemed to me that there was no biblical reason to think that training for the ministry should be apart from the church, much reason to think that such training should be saturated with the means of grace. Many at Westminster said that it was wrong to “separate” the Christian life from Christian doctrine. But as I’ve often noted, separate is an ambiguous term. What this phrase sometimes meant at Westminster was that if you got the doctrines right, spiritual growth was the inevitable outcome. Yet both Scripture and my own experience invalidated that judgment.

So some years later (1972) I wrote “Proposal for a New Seminary,”23 which argued that theological education should be first of all a practical field education within the church with academic supplements as needed (rather the opposite of the current model). This Proposal humbled me: I saw that I would not have been fit to be a teacher in such a seminary. Later, I argued that there was also benefit to be found in the traditional model (in which I have, in fact, participated through my life).24 But my Proposal remains my ideal.

My student years at Westminster were deeply formative. Particularly, I emerged fully convinced of biblical authority and presuppositional epistemology, modified a bit in Schaeffer’s direction, ambivalent toward the redemptive-historical emphasis, somewhat biblicistic in my theological method, and inclined to a perspectival understanding of biblical concepts and theological issues. I believed that theological education was truly a ministry of the church, using all the means of God’s grace. So I sought to speak the truth in love.

Yale University, 1964–68

I went to Yale for graduate study in philosophical theology. I earned both an MA and an MPhil there, but, alas, I did not finish my dissertation for the PhD.

The program allowed me to take courses both in philosophy and in religion-theology. In philosophy, I took courses from Paul Weiss, who modified Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy; from William Christian, who tried to schematize the language of religion; and from H. D. Lewis, a defender of libertarian free will. I did not accept Lewis’s arguments, but I still consider his philosophical formulations of libertarianism to be definitive.25 I also served as a teaching assistant to John Wild, who by then had abandoned “classical realism” in favor of a form of existential philosophy.

In theology, I studied with the brilliant young David Kelsey (who raised the question of how Scripture should be used as an authority),26 theologian of culture Julian Hartt, and George Lindbeck,27 now known as the father of postliberalism.28 I took courses from Lindbeck on Aquinas and Tillich, but the one that affected me most was a course I audited on comparative dogmatics. Here he urged a perspectival approach to the different confessional traditions. He described himself as “on the conservative wing of the avant-garde of the ecumenical movement.” By “avant-garde” he meant that he was serious about breaking down barriers between different traditions. By “conservative” he meant that he took these differences themselves seriously: he wanted to reconcile the traditions, not dismantle them. As O’Brien had managed to reconcile Aristotle, Spinoza, and Dewey by analyzing their questions in their intellectual context, so in a similar way Lindbeck sought to reconcile the various theological traditions. He recommended to us, for example, Stephen Pfurtner’s Luther and Aquinas on Salvation,29 which presents even the deep divide over justification in a perspectival way. I was not convinced, yet I was challenged not to take the traditional interdenominational arguments at face value, but to see if I could find ways in which the parties could look at one another more sympathetically. My ecumenism and my perspectivalism were drawing together.

Another major influence on my thinking at Yale was Paul Holmer,30 my thesis adviser. Holmer had been raised an evangelical and had come back to the evangelical faith after some time as what he called a “positivist.” His theological heroes were Martin Luther and Søren Kierkegaard, and his philosophic hero Ludwig Wittgenstein. I had read both Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein at Princeton, but it was Holmer who got me excited about them. Although Kierkegaard still fascinates me, the scholarly debates on how to interpret him have left me frustrated, and I have not made much use of him in my own thinking. Wittgenstein, however, is a thinker I often turn back to. His view that meaning is, in most cases, its use in the language certainly influenced my own view that “theology is application,” although I have been very careful to distinguish my general position from Wittgenstein’s. For other uses of Wittgenstein in my work, see his entry in the name index of my DKG.

In brief, I left Yale thinking more deeply about Scripture and perspectivalism, strongly opposed to libertarianism, and persuaded that theology is the use of biblical language for the edification of people. My basic convictions about the authority of Scripture and the presuppositional nature of thought held firm, despite challenges by respected thinkers.

Back to Westminster, 1968–80

At Norman Shepherd’s invitation, I returned to Westminster to teach systematic theology. Cornelius Van Til then asked me if I would also teach some courses in the apologetics department, and by 1976 the administration had added “apologetics” to my title. My required courses were in the doctrine of Scripture, the doctrine of God, apologetics, and ethics. All of these involved reflection on epistemology, so that field also consumed much of my study. With the later addition of worship, these were the subjects on which I have done most of my writing over the course of my life.

As a teacher at Westminster, I sought to formulate and communicate the thinking I had previously developed, but my theology did not remain static. I continued to be influenced by people and literature.

Sometimes I was influenced by my own students. When I arrived, many students at Westminster were disciples of the Dutch Calvinistic philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd. These students tended to be pretty arrogant, arguing that the traditional Reformed theology that Westminster represented was “dualist,” “scholastic,” and so on. Eventually I found myself at odds with them and their ideology. I was particularly concerned about their doctrine of revelation, in which the authority of Scripture was limited to the “realm of faith” and our main guidance for life was to be found, not in Scripture at all, but rather in the “word of creation,” i.e., natural revelation understood through the lens of Dooyeweerd’s philosophy. The Bibliography in this volume contains a number of titles arising out of this controversy, particularly my booklet TAP.

Although I opposed the Dooyeweerdian movement, it motivated me to rethink some things. Particularly, I had to learn how to give some account of the place of Scripture in relation to general revelation, Christ as the Word of God, and the various unwritten media by which the Word of God comes to us. I found help in Van Til’s triads, nature, man, and God, which contributed to my own triperspectivalism.

Also contributing much to triperspectivalism was Vern Poythress, who studied at Westminster in the early 1970s. Poythress took a great interest in my work, and my student soon became my teacher. Poythress had studied with Kenneth Pike, the famous linguist who taught many of the Wycliffe Bible Translators. Pike had developed what Vern described as triperspectival distinctions within linguistics: particle, wave, and field. Poythress was and is very brilliant, and he stimulated me to see dimensions to my triperspectival ideas that I could not have thought of myself. His support convinced me that God had led us into some important insights, and Vern has ever since been a friend and theological partner. See especially his Symphonic Theology,31 but his many other books also articulate our joint vision. For many books and articles he has written, see our joint Web site, http://www. frame-poythress.org.

In a different way, Norman Shepherd was influential in my thinking and life. Norman had graduated from Westminster by the time I arrived as a student, but even in his absence he was well known on campus. My fellow students often referred to him as the likely successor to John Murray. Both men were brilliant and were exclusive psalm singers. Shepherd lacked Murray’s Scottish brogue, but his style of lecturing, his choice of words, and even his mannerisms were very similar to Murray’s.

When Ned Stonehouse died in 1962, Shepherd was asked to teach Stonehouse’s former course in New Testament biblical theology. Shepherd’s major field was systematic theology, not New Testament, but we students were in awe of him. Given little advance notice in teaching the course, he worked hard to stay ahead of the class. We saw him every day, sitting at a library table, surrounded by books and notes. I put in a special effort to understand his material, out of respect for his hard work and excellent presentation. Perhaps I worked too hard, because my mind went blank during the final exam. I was given one of the lower grades that I received as a seminary student.

In the mid-1960s, Shepherd was called to work alongside Murray in systematics, and then, when Murray retired, Shepherd taught all the systematics courses for one year. He wrote to me at Yale to see whether I would be interested in helping him out, and of course I was, although I was surprised that he would call on one who had made a mere B+ in his New Testament biblical theology course. I got to know him fairly well in those days; we attended the same church as well as participating together in the seminary program. Even as a colleague, I was still in awe of him. His understanding of the Scriptures and the Reformed tradition far exceeded mine.

Shepherd was the last person that I (or anyone else) would have expected to create doctrinal controversy. He was so like Murray, and Murray had virtually defined Reformed orthodoxy for the rest of us. But in 1974 Shepherd was challenged on his view of justification and continues today to be a figure of controversy.32 Today I don’t think I can fairly be called a “Shepherdite” in terms of that controversy. But I learned a huge amount of theology from Shepherd. I audited two of his courses just for my own personal edification, and I continue to be edified by what I learned there. Shepherd remains for me a model of careful, precise, responsible theological scholarship and doctrinal formulation. Like Murray, he always puts Scripture ahead of tradition, and in that respect he remains a model for me.

Another colleague who influenced me profoundly was C. John Miller, who taught practical theology. Although “Jack,” as we called him, was an able scholar, his heart was in evangelism and church planting. He founded New Life Church, which rapidly became a megachurch, the World Harvest Mission, and the Sonship ministry, a ministry of conferences and tapes that articulate Miller’s vision of gospel-centered Christian living.33 I greatly admired Jack’s evangelistic boldness and humble spirit. On a number of occasions, he invited me to accompany him on evangelistic projects. I declined, citing other business; but I regret now that I didn’t make time to be with Jack at those times. I think that would have made me a better Christian and theologian.

I suppose that Jack’s greatest influence on me was to make me willing to endure the scorn of traditionalists in the church. Jack’s emphasis on evangelism led him to employ a style of worship at New Life that was far from the Presbyterian tradition. He used contemporary songs, guitars, cultivated informality. Many in our circles balked at this, even ridiculed it. But people came to Christ by God’s grace, overcame besetting sins, became zealous for Christ. Eventually, many who had at first mocked New Life became enthusiastic members.

When I moved to California, we planted “New Life Presbyterian Church in Escondido,” patterned in many ways after New Life in Philadelphia. The pastor was Dick Kaufmann, who had been a ruling elder at New Life in Philadelphia. We hoped to reach the unchurched, rather than merely to attract Reformed people. (Had we adopted the latter policy and succeeded, we would have added another division to a rather small Reformed community.) I was the elder in charge of worship, and I taught adults a class on worship, which led to my book WST. I was also asked to reply to letters we received that were critical of our worship, and that correspondence led to my book CWM. So I cite Jack Miller as a major inspiration for my work in this area. His books, especially Outgrowing the Ingrown Church,34 defined for me what life in the church should be like, and Dick Kaufmann, my pastor for fourteen years, defined for me the model of a godly pastor. Miller and Kaufmann had a very broad influence on my thinking in many areas. Their attitude of love and grace to believer and unbeliever, friend and enemy alike rebuked my pride and spiritual complacency.

In my years of teaching in Philadelphia, I also had a good relationship with my colleague Jay E. Adams, who developed a new approach to pastoral counseling that was known as “nouthetic” or “biblical” counseling. Jay has been very supportive and encouraging to me over the years. Later we were also colleagues at Westminster in California.

He wrote many books on nouthetic counseling, but the basic exposition of his position was Competent to Counsel.35 I have waxed hot and cold on this approach through the years. Since counseling is not my field, I have not had to take a final position on it, and I’m glad of that. On the positive side, Adams’s counseling method is presuppositional and semi-biblicistic in the way that I am. I love it when people search the Scriptures to find what the Bible says on a subject of importance. On the other hand, Adams has been criticized for not making sufficient use of general revelation, and therefore for his almost entirely negative view of secular psychology. That criticism rings a bell with me, too, because for all my biblicism I do believe it is important to understand extrabiblical truth, if only to accurately apply the Bible to a situation. (This is what I call the “situational perspective.”) Practically, I’ve seen nouthetic counselors, by God’s grace, help people solve many serious problems in their lives. But I’ve also seen some nouthetic counselors who have not listened hard enough to their counselees, who have ignored important situational factors, and who have therefore brought harm. I think the younger generation of nouthetic counselors, such as David Powlison and Ed Welch, have found a better balance here.

Another student during the Philadelphia years who led me to rethink some things was Greg Bahnsen. He was a disciple of Van Til and Rousas Rushdoony and became the leading formulator and defender of theonomy, the view that Old Testament civil law must be followed by modern civil governments, particularly that the penalties of crimes laid out in the Old Testament are norms for contemporary penology.36 Bahnsen was a friend until his untimely death in 1995 from the complications of heart surgery, although our friendship did have some ups and downs. I never became a theonomist, but theonomy was a major motivation in my attempt to think through the implications of the law of Moses for today, as in my DCL. Vern Poythress’s The Shadow of Christ in the Law of Moses,37 in my view, gives the best answers to the questions raised by theonomy, and I consult it regularly.

Westminster in California, 1980–2000

I moved to California in 1980 to help establish a new campus for Westminster. Other founders and early teachers were Robert Strimple, Allen Mawhinney, Dennis Johnson, Jay Adams, Robert Godfrey, Derke Bergsma, and Meredith Kline. We went with a missionary vision, for California had very few Reformed churches, and we were probably the only Reformed seminary west of the Mississippi. The excitement of those early years (along with the planting of New Life Church, as I described it earlier) stirred me. There was a wonderful collegiality among the early faculty and students, despite some theological diversity.

My ecumenical vision was tested in the mid-1980s, when the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (of which New Life was a congregation) declined to join the Presbyterian Church in America, in my opinion for quite inadequate reasons. In 1989, New Life, and I with the church, left the OP denomination for the PCA. Jack Miller and the New Life Church in Philadelphia made the same decision. My ER was motivated by these events and summarized my thinking about them. In this context I came to see that denominationalism itself was unbiblical, and the book dealt with that broader issue.

By the 1990s, things at the seminary had also deteriorated, from my point of view. Differences that had been tolerable in the 1980s became matters of contention and faction in the 1990s. Among these were redemptive history, worship style, the regulative principle of worship, and the place of confessions. Some new faculty made the situation worse, in my opinion. I came to see that factionalism itself as a major evil, both in the churches and in the seminary. This situation influenced my writing thereafter. My colleague Meredith Kline also became something of a negative influence on me during this period. I mentioned that during my student years at Westminster Seminary, Kline was one of my heroes. He stood for the Bible against Reformed traditionalism and taught me how theology could be wonderfully creative within the bounds of orthodoxy. But in later years, Kline developed a degree of rigidity and dogmatism that surprised and disappointed me. Perhaps his conflicts with theonomy and with Norman Shepherd in the 1970s had marked the turning point. I thought his review of Bahnsen’s Theonomy38 was over the top, as we say. And in his response to Shepherd, Kline seemed to be saying that one could not be orthodox unless one adhered to Kline’s distinctive (and sometimes innovative) positions on the covenant of works and the culture/cult distinction.

Even though I disagreed with Kline, I was happy that he was willing to join us at Westminster in California, for I thought he was still the most brilliant biblical theologian in the Reformed community, and he was the one who, more than anyone else, could get students excited about biblical theology. In retrospect, however, I see Kline as a divisive figure at the California campus. In the mid-1980s, he wrote letters to colleagues, attacking my apologetics as insufficiently Van Tillian. Those letters raised issues that I had already answered a number of times, and they showed an inadequate grasp of what I was trying to say. I thought that perhaps he had turned against me because he thought I was too close to Bahnsen and to Shepherd. The administration and faculty treated Kline’s letters with “benign neglect.” But in later years, Kline pressed with students the argument that one must accept his distinctives to be truly Reformed. Whether explicitly or not, intentionally or not, he thereby condemned my thinking as non- Reformed, and many students drew that inference. I tried to counter this in ways consistent with my continuing deep respect for Kline. But Kline proved to be more persuasive to the students than I was, to the effect that I became increasingly isolated. That, and a great many other problems, led to my resignation from Westminster and joining the faculty of Reformed Theological Seminary (RTS) in Orlando in 2000.

I mention this now only to indicate that although I mourned Kline’s death in 2007, his work is now to me both a positive and a negative influence. I still revere him as a brilliant and devoted servant of Christ, and I make liberal use of his early studies in suzerainty treaties and divine lordship. But I argue against much of his later work, particularly his distinction between cult and culture, which leads to sharp distinctions between sacred and secular and between church and culture—sort of like Luther’s “two kingdoms.” This is a fairly pervasive theme of my DCL. Not only do I believe this teaching is wrong, but, as maintained by Kline himself and by many of his followers, I consider it divisive to the church. Even if this teaching were true, it would not be suitable as a test of Reformed orthodoxy, if only because it is not required by the Reformed confessional standards.

Another major division at Westminster in California was between those who saw theology as primarily a republication of Reformed confessions and traditions and those who saw it, as I did, as an application of Scripture to human life in the present. The traditionalist emphasis seemed to me to encourage ministries to be inward-facing rather than outward, to deemphasize evangelism and social action, and to emphasize denominational distinctives. As I interpret the situation, traditionalism came to prevail at Westminster in California. And for questioning it, I myself was considered less than truly Reformed. So I had to move on. The separation between me and the seminary to which I had given twenty years was traumatic to me. I had seen not only the theological error of traditionalism (which John Murray had taught me) but also the practical effects of it in the Christian community. So this conflict (and a number of similar ones that occurred through my life) influenced me to see traditionalism as an error to be opposed. I refer to it often in my writings.39

Reformed Theological Seminary, 2000–Present

After the trouble at Westminster Seminary in California, my move to RTS Orlando was like dying and going to heaven. I received a warm welcome at RTS beyond my fondest dreams. Seven of my former students were on the Orlando faculty and two more at other RTS campuses. More important, many of my colleagues made use of my work and sought to build on it. Many of the writers featured in this volume, as well as others, have been part of that cooperative effort, and we have learned much together. I consider them now to be among the influences on my own thinking and writing.

Most of all, RTS has convinced me that it is possible to have a genuinely, unapologetically Reformed seminary in which believers cooperate peacefully and enthusiastically to prepare students for ministry, without partisanship or rancor. Here we have a slogan: we are not T.R. (“truly Reformed”) or B.R. (“barely Reformed”), but W.R. (“winsomely Reformed”). The seminary has provided me with a vision of what seminary education can be, one that I honestly hope will be implemented elsewhere.

Historical

I would be remiss if I didn’t list among the influences on my work people who wrote before my own lifetime. I am not primarily a historical theologian, and my reading has been more in recent and contemporary sources than in older writings. Yet to be Reformed at all is to be profoundly influenced by the Reformers, their predecessors, and their successors.

Among the church fathers, Athanasius is my favorite—a man persecuted for his faith, but courageous and steadfast, and right about so many things, so early. Augustine has certainly been important to me, particularly his Confessions, the City of God, and his earlier philosophical/epistemological work, such as Soliloquies and On the Teacher. His teaching on the Trinity is profound, and I think more scriptural than the rather facile “social Trinitarianism” that has caught the imagination of many today. And so much more should be said about this wonderful, godly Christian teacher.

Anselm of Canterbury has been a special interest of mine since my AB thesis on the ontological argument at Princeton. His Proslogium is a wonderful piece of theology: prayerful, presuppositional, remarkably fresh.

I have spent many hours with Thomas Aquinas, and although I share some of the criticisms of him by Van Til and others, I think he did far more good than harm to the theology of his time, and I have been vastly impressed by his genius.

Of course, Luther and Calvin have meant a great deal to me, as to all other Reformed theologians. My commendations of them could add nothing to their greatness and would only echo the praises of others in the Protestant tradition.

The same should be said of Jonathan Edwards, a great philosopher and Reformed theologian who did a rare thing in our circles: he struck a proper balance between emotions and intellect.

And I yield to no one in admiration of three brilliant and godly men, friends of one another, who set the highest standards for Reformed theology in the 1900s: B. B. Warfield, Abraham Kuyper, and Herman Bavinck.

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Excerpted from John J. Hughes, ed., Speaking the Truth in Love: The Theology of John M. Frame (Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R, 2009). (A PDF sample of this book is available at WTS books.)