12
May 1496 A.D. Gustavus 1 Vasa of Sweden Born, a Lutheran Churchman.
Wiki covers it this way.
Gustav
I of Sweden
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Gustav I
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Reign
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6 June 1523 – 29
September 1560
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6 June 1523
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Predecessor
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Successor
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Spouse
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Father
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Mother
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Born
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Burial
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21 December 1560
Uppsala Cathedral |
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Religion
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Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known as
Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496[1] – 29 September
1560), was King
of Sweden from 1523 until his death, previously self-recognised
Protector of the Realm (Rikshövitsman) from 1521, during the ongoing Swedish
War of Liberation against King Christian
II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Initially of low
standing, Gustav rose to lead the rebel movement following the Stockholm Bloodbath, in which his father perished. Gustav's election as King on 6 June
1523 and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later meant the end of Medieval Sweden's elective monarchy
as well as the Kalmar Union.
This created a hereditary monarchy under the House of Vasa
and its successors, including the current House of Bernadotte.
An enigmatic person who has been
hailed as a liberator against the Danes and denounced as a tyrannical ruler,
brutally suppressing three major uprisings - one in Dalarna - which had once been the
first region to support his claim to the throne, one in Västergötland,
and one in Småland, Gustav worked to
raise taxes, end Feudalism
and bring about a Swedish Reformation, replacing the prerogatives of local landowners, noblemen and clergy with
centrally appointed governors and bishops. His 37-year rule, which was the
longest of a mature Swedish king to that date (subsequently passed by Gustav V and current Carl
XVI Gustav) saw a complete break with not only the Danish supremacy
of the Union but also the Roman Catholic Church, whose assets were nationalised, with the Lutheran Church of Sweden
established under his personal control. He became the first truly autocratic native Swedish sovereign
and was a skilled propagandist
and bureaucrat, with his main opponent,
Christian's, infamous mark as the "tyrant king" and his alleged
adventures during the liberation struggle still widespread to date.
Gustav I has subsequently been
labelled the founder of modern Sweden, and the "father of the nation".
Gustav liked to compare himself to Moses, whom he believed to have
also liberated his people and established a sovereign state. As a person,
Gustav was known for ruthless methods and a bad temper, but also a fondness for
music and had a certain sly wit and ability to outmaneuver and annihilate his
political opponents. He founded one of the now oldest orchestras of the world, the Kungliga
Hovkapellet (Royal Court Orchestra). Royal
housekeeping accounts from 1526 mention twelve musicians including wind players and a timpanist but no string players.[2] Today the Kungliga
Hovkapellet is the orchestra of the Royal Swedish Opera.[3][4]
Contents
- 1 Early life
- 2 Resistance against the Danish
- 3 The Reformation
- 4 Further reign
- 5 End of reign
- 6 Heritage
- 7 Gallery
- 8 Ancestors
- 9 Family
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Early life
Gustav Eriksson, a son of Cecilia Månsdotter Eka and Erik Johansson Vasa, was probably born in 1496. The birth most likely took place in Rydboholm Castle,
northeast of Stockholm, the manor house of the father, Erik. The newborn got
his name, Gustav, from Erik's grandfather Gustav Anundsson.[5]
Erik Johansson's parents were Johan
Kristersson and Birgitta Gustafsdotter of the dynasties Vasa and Sture respectively, both
dynasties of high nobility. Birgitta Gustafsdotter was the sister of Sten Sture the Elder, regent of Sweden. Being a relative and ally of uncle Sten Sture, Erik
inherited the regent's estates in Uppland and Södermanland when the latter
died in 1503. Although a member of a family with considerable properties since
childhood, Gustav Eriksson would later be the holder of possessions of a much
greater dimension.[6]
According to genealogical research,
Birgitta Gustafsdotter and Sten Sture (and consequently also Gustav Vasa) were
descended from King Sverker II of Sweden, through King Sverker's granddaughter Benedikte Sunesdotter (who was
married to Svantepolk Knutsson, son of Duke of Reval). One of King Gustav's
great-grandmothers was a half-sister of King Charles
VIII of Sweden.
Resistance against the Danish
Supporting the Sture party
Since the end of the 14th century,
Sweden had been a part of the Kalmar Union with Denmark and
Norway. The Danish dominance in this union occasionally led to uprisings in
Sweden. During Gustav's childhood, parts of the Swedish nobility tried to make
Sweden independent. Gustav and his father Erik supported the party of Sten
Sture the Younger, regent of Sweden from 1512, and its
struggle against the Danish King Christian II. Following the
battle of Brännkyrka
in 1518, where Sten Sture's troops beat the Danish forces, it was decided that
Sten Sture and King Christian would meet in Österhaninge for negotiations.
To guarantee the safety of the king, the Swedish side sent six men as hostages
to be kept by the Danes for as long as the negotiations lasted. However,
Christian did not show up for the negotiations, violated the deal with the
Swedish side and took the hostages aboard ships carrying them to Copenhagen. The six members of the
kidnapped hostage were Hemming Gadh, Lars Siggesson
(Sparre), Jöran Siggesson (Sparre), Olof Ryning, Bengt Nilsson (Färla) – and
Gustav Eriksson. Gustav was held in Kalø slot where he was treated very
well after promising he would not make attempts to escape. A reason for this
gentle treatment was King Christian's hope to convince the six men to switch
sides, and turn against their leader Sten Sture. This strategy was successful
regarding all men but Gustav, who stayed loyal to the Sture party.[7]
Christian
II, Gustav I's main antagonist
In 1519, Gustav Eriksson escaped from
Kalø. He fled to the Hanseatic city of Lübeck where he arrived on 30
September. How he managed to escape is not certain, but according to a somewhat
likely story, he disguised himself as a bullocky. For this, Gustav
Eriksson got the nicknames "King Oxtail" and "Gustav Cow
Butt", something he indeed disliked. When a swordsman drank to His Majesty
"Gustav Cow Butt" in Kalmar in 1547, the swordsman was killed.[8]
While staying in Lübeck, Gustav could
hear about developments in his native Sweden. While he was there, Christian II
mobilised to attack Sweden in an effort to seize power from Sten Sture and his
supporters. In 1520, the forces of King Christian were triumphant. Sten Sture
died in March, but some strongholds, including the Swedish capital Stockholm,
were still able to withstand the Danish forces. Gustav left Lübeck on a ship,
and was put ashore south of Kalmar
on 31 May.[9]
It seems Gustav stayed largely
inactive during his first months back on Swedish soil. According to some
sources, Gustav received an invitation to the coronation of Christian. This was
to take place in the newly captured Stockholm in November. Even though King
Christian had promised amnesty to his enemies within the Sture party, including
Gustav Eriksson, the latter chose to decline the invitation. The coronation
took place on 4 November and days of festivities in a friendly spirit followed.
When the celebration had lasted a few days, the castle was locked and the
former enemies of King Christian were imprisoned. Accusations against the old
supporters of Sten Sture regarding heresy were brought forward. The following
day the sentences were announced. During the Stockholm Bloodbath, close to 100 people were executed on Stortorget, among them Gustav
Eriksson's father, Erik Johansson, and nephew, Joakim Brahe. Gustav himself
was at the time staying at Räfsnäs, close to Gripsholm Castle.[10]
Gustav
Eriksson addressing men from Dalarna in Mora. Painting by Johan Gustaf
Sandberg.In Dalarna
Gustav Eriksson had reasons to fear
for his life and left Räfsnäs. He travelled to the province of Dalarna, in what was then
northwestern Sweden. What happened there has been described in Peder Svart's
chronicle, which can be described as a strongly biased heroic tale about Gustav
Eriksson. The Dalarna adventures of Gustav that could be described as a part of
the national heritage of Sweden, can therefore not be verified in a satisfying
way. He is supposed to have tried to gather troops among the peasantry in the
province, but with little success initially. Being chased by men loyal to king
Christian and failing at creating an army to challenge the king, Gustav
Eriksson had no other alternative but to flee to Norway. While he made his way
from Mora
via Lima
to Norway, people that had recently turned down Gustav's call for support
against the king changed their minds. Representatives of that group caught up
with Gustav before he had reached Norway and convinced him to follow them back
to Mora. Gustav Eriksson's run towards Norway and back has formed the
background to the famous cross-country ski race Vasaloppet.[11]
Swedish War of Liberation
Gustav Eriksson was appointed hövitsman.
The rebel force he led grew. In February 1520 it consisted of 400 men, mainly
from the area around Lake Siljan.
The first big clash in the Swedish
War of Liberation that now started, took place at
Brunnbäck's Ferry in April, where the rebels defeated an army loyal to the
king. Neither in this battle nor in later battles during the war, did Gustav
take part in leading the military operations. The rebel insurgents had further
successes. Other parts of Sweden, for example the Götaland provinces of Småland and Västergötland,
also saw rebellions. The leading noblemen of Götaland joined Gustav Eriksson's
forces and, in Vadstena in
August, they declared Gustav regent of Sweden.[12]
The election of Gustav Eriksson as a
regent made many Swedish nobles, who had so far stayed loyal to King Christian,
switch sides. Some noblemen, still loyal to the king, chose to leave Sweden,
while others were killed. As a result, the Swedish
Privy Council lost old members who were replaced by supporters of
Gustav Eriksson. Most fortified cities and castles were conquered by Gustav's
rebels, but the strongholds with the best defences, including Stockholm, were
still under Danish control. In 1522, after negotiations between Gustav
Eriksson's people and Lübeck, the Hanseatic city joined the war against
Denmark. The winter of 1523 saw the joint forces attack the Danish and
Norwegian areas of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslän. During this winter,
Christian II was overthrown and replaced by Frederick
I. The new king openly claimed the Swedish throne and had
hopes Lübeck would abandon the Swedish rebels. The German city, preferring an independent
Sweden to a strong Kalmar Union dominated by Denmark, took advantage of the
situation and put pressure on the rebels. The city wanted privileges on future
trade as well as guarantees regarding the loans they had granted the rebels.
The Privy Council and Gustav Eriksson knew the support from Lübeck was
absolutely crucial. As a response, the council decided to appoint Gustav
Eriksson king.[13]
Election as king
Roggeborgen
in Strängnäs was a central location during the events when Gustav Eriksson was
elected king of Sweden.
The ceremonial election of the regent
Gustav Eriksson as king of Sweden took place when the leading men of Sweden got
together in Strängnäs
in June 1523.[14] When the
councillors of Sweden had chosen Gustav as king, he met with the two visiting
councillors of Lübeck. The German representatives supported the appointment
without hesitation and declared it an act of God. Gustav stated he had to bow
to what was described as the will of God. In a meeting with the Privy Council,
Gustav Eriksson announced his decision to accept. In the following ceremony,
led by the deacon of Strängnäs, Laurentius Andreae, Gustav swore the royal oath. The next day, bishops and priests joined
Gustav in Roggeborgen where Laurentius Andreae raised the holy sacrament above
a kneeling Gustav Eriksson. Flanked by the councillors of Lübeck, Gustav
Eriksson was brought to Strängnäs Cathedral where the king sat down in the choir with the Swedish privy councillors on one side, and the Lübeck
representatives on the other. After the hymn "Te Deum", Laurentius Andreae
proclaimed Gustav Eriksson king of Sweden. He was, however, still not crowned.
In 1983, in remembrance of the election of Gustav as Swedish king on 6 June,
that date was declared the National
Day of Sweden.[15]
The capture of Stockholm
Shortly after the events of 1523 in
Strängnäs, a letter patent
was issued to Lübeck and its allied Hanseatic cities, who now were freed from
tolls when trading in Sweden. An agreement, designed by Lübeck negotiators, was
made with the Danish defenders in Stockholm. On 17 June the rebels could enter
the capital city. At Midsummer,
a grand entrance of king Gustav was arranged at Söderport, the southern gate of
Stockholm. Celebrations followed, including a mass of thanksgiving in Storkyrkan (also known as Stockholm
Cathedral) led by Peder Jakobsson. Gustav could now install himself in the Tre Kronor palace.[16]
The war ends
Bailiffs, loyal to the old king
Christian, were still holding castles in Finland, a part of Sweden at the
time. During the summer and fall of 1523 they all surrendered.[17] The next year, on
24 August 1524, Gustav arrived in Malmö in order to reach a settlement with
Denmark and its king Frederick. The Treaty of Malmö (in Swedish: Malmö
recess) had both positive and negative sides to it, from king Gustav's
perspective. The treaty meant that Denmark-Norway acknowledged the independence
of Sweden. The hopes Gustav had carried of winning further provinces (Gotland
and Blekinge) were however scuttled. The treaty marked the end of the Swedish
War of Liberation.[18]
The Reformation
Klipping
– coinage – issued by Gustav I in 1521 or 1522. On one side, the bust of a man
in armor. On the other, crowns and arrows, with the inscription: ERI[KS]SO[N]
After Gustav seized power, the
previous Archbishop, Gustav Trolle,
who at the time held the post of a sort of chancellor, was exiled from the
country. Gustav sent a message to Pope Clement VII
requesting the acceptance of a new archbishop selected by Gustav himself: Johannes Magnus.
The Pope sent back his decision
demanding that unlawful expulsion of Archbishop Gustav Trolle be rescinded, and
that the archbishop be reinstated. Here Sweden's remote geographical location
proved to have a marked impact — for the former Archbishop had been allied with
the Danish king, or at least was considered to have been so allied in
contemporary Stockholm, and to reinstate him would be close to impossible for
Gustav.
The king let the Pope know the
impossibility of the request, and the possible results if the Pope persisted,
but — for better or worse — the Pope did persist, and refused to accept the
king's suggestions of archbishops. At the time, incidentally and for different
reasons, there were also four other unoccupied bishop's seats, where the king
made suggestions to the Pope about candidates, but the Pope only accepted one
of the candidates. Because the Pope refused to budge on the issue of Gustav
Trolle, the king, influenced by Lutheran scholar Olaus Petri, in 1531 took it
upon himself to appoint yet another archbishop, namely the brother of Olaus, Laurentius Petri.
With this royal act, the Pope lost any influence over the Swedish Church.
In the 1520s, the Petri brothers led a
campaign for the introduction of Lutheranism. The decade saw
many events which can be seen as gradual introductions of Protestantism, for instance the
marriage of Olaus Petri — a consecrated priest — and several texts published by
him, advocating Lutheran dogmas. A translation of the New Testament had also been
published in 1526. After the reformation, a full translation was published in
1540–41, called the Gustav Vasa Bible.
However, knowledge of Greek and Hebrew among Swedish clergymen was not
sufficient for a translation from the original sources; instead the work
followed the German translation by Martin Luther in 1534.
Gustav I's breaking with the Catholic
Church is virtually simultaneous with Henry VIII doing the same in England; both kings acted following a similar pattern,
i.e., a prolonged confrontation with the Pope culminating with the king
deciding to take his own decisions independently of Rome.
Further reign
Gustav encountered resistance from
some areas of the country. People from Dalarna rebelled three times in
the first ten years of Gustav's reign, as they considered the king to have been
too harsh on everyone he perceived as a supporter of the Danish, and as they
resented his introduction of Protestantism. Many of those who had helped Gustav
in his war against the Danes became involved in these rebellions and paid for
this, several of them with their lives.
Peasants in Småland rebelled in 1542, fuelled
by grievances over taxes, church reform and confiscation of church bells and
vestments. For several months this uprising caused Gustav severe difficulties
in the dense forests. The king sent a letter to the people of the province of
Dalarna, requesting that they should circulate letters to every Swedish
province, stating their support for the king with their troops, and urging
every other province to do the same. Gustav got his troops, with whose help –
and, not least, with paid German mercenaries – he managed to defeat the rebels
in the spring of 1543.
The leader of the rebels, Nils Dacke, has traditionally been
seen as a traitor to Sweden. His own
letters and proclamations to fellow peasants focused on the suppression of
Roman Catholic customs of piety, the King's requisitions of church bells and
church plate to be smelted down for money and the general discontent with
Gustav's autocratic measures, and the King's letters indicate that Dacke had
considerable military success for several months. Historical records state that
Nils was seriously wounded during a battle, taking bullet wounds to both legs;
if this is true, his survival may have been surprising in view of contemporary
medical techniques. Some sources state that Nils was executed by quartering;[19] others that he was
reduced to the state of an outlaw after recovering from his wounds, and killed
while trying to escape through the woods on the border between Småland and then Danish Blekinge. It is said that his body
parts were displayed throughout Sweden as a warning to other would-be rebels;
this is uncertain though his head was likely mounted on a pole at Kalmar. Modern Swedish
scholarship has toned down criticism of Nils Dacke, sometimes making him into a
hero in the vein of Robin Hood,
particularly in Småland.
Difficulties with the continuation of
the Church also troubled Gustav Vasa. The 1540s saw him imposing death
sentences upon both the Petri brothers, as well as his former chancellor Laurentius Andreae. All of them were however granted amnesty, after spending several months
in jail. In 1554–1557, he waged an
inconclusive war against Ivan the Terrible
of Russia.
End of reign
Gustav
Ericsson Vasa in his old age
In the late 1550s, Gustav's health
declined. When his grave was opened in 1945, an examination of his corpse
revealed that he had suffered chronic infections of a leg and in his jaw.
He gave a so-called "last
speech" in 1560 to the chancellors, his children and other noblemen,
whereby he encouraged them to remain united. On 29 September 1560, Gustav died
and was buried (together with three of his wives, while only two are engraved)
in the Cathedral of Uppsala.
Heritage
Gustav's heritage has been disputed.
In 19th-century Swedish history a folklore developed wherein Gustav was
supposed to have had all kinds of adventures when he liberated Sweden from the
Danes. The memory of Gustav has been honored greatly, resulting in embroidered
history books, commemorative coins, and the annual ski event Vasaloppet (the largest ski event in
the world with 15,000 participants). The city of Vaasa in Finland was named after the royal
house of Vasa in 1606. Gustav is currently portrayed on the 1000 kronor note. Today most of these
stories are considered to have no other foundation than legend and skilful
propaganda by Gustav himself during his time.
The
grave monument to King Gustav and his first two queens over their crypt in Upsala Cathedral
Here is an example of one of his
better known adventures among the Swedish people. While Gustav was in exile
from the Danish army, he was staying at a farm owned by a close friend for a
day's rest. As he was warming himself in the common room, the Danish soldiers
got a tip from one of the farm hands that Gustav was in his landlord's farm
house. The Danish soldiers burst into the farm house and began searching in the
common room for someone that would fit Gustav's description. As one of the
soldiers came close to check Gustav Vasa, all of a sudden the landlady took out
a bakery spade and started to hit Gustav and scolded him as a "lazy
farmboy" and ordered him to go out and work. The Danish soldier found it
amusing and did not realise this "lazy farmboy" was in fact Gustav
Vasa himself who managed to slip away from danger and escape death. There are
many other stories about Gustav's close encounters with death, however it is
questionable if any of his adventures really did happen or were dramatised by
Gustav himself; regardless of whether they happened or not, his adventures are
still told to this day in Sweden.
Gustav has been regarded by some as a
power-hungry man who wished to control everything: the Church, the economy, the
army and all foreign affairs. But in doing this, he also did manage to unite
Sweden, a country that previously had no standardised language, and where
individual provinces held a strong regional power. He also laid the foundation
for Sweden's professional army that was to make Sweden into a regional
superpower in the 17th century.
18th century references in Britain
In 1739, the English playwright Henry Brooke wrote the play Gustavus Vasa, dealing with the liberation of Sweden
from Danish rule. However, Robert Walpole, British Prime
Minister at the time, believed that the play's villain was intended to
represent him, and had the play banned – the first English play to be so banned
under the Licensing Act 1737.
Later in the 18th century, the name Gustavus
Vasa was given to Olaudah Equiano, a prominent African ex-slave living in Britain and
involved in the struggle to abolish slavery.
Gallery
Gustav Vasa had a series of paintings
made during his reign. The originals are lost but watercolor reproductions of unknown
date remain. These paintings show Gustav's triumphs, showing what Gustav
himself considered important to depict.
Part one. Year 1521–23, Outside Stockholm
Part two. Year 1525, Inside Stockholm
Part three. Year 1527, Inside and outside Västerås
Part four. Year 1542, the Dacke uprising
Ancestors
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Krister
Nilsson (Vasa)
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Johan
Kristersson (Vasa)
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Margareta
Eriksdotter (Krummedige)
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Erik Johansson
(Vasa)
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Gustav
Anundsson (Sture)
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Birgitta
Gustafsdotter (Sture)
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Birgitta
Stensdotter (Bielke)
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Gustav
I of Sweden (Vasa)
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Karl
Magnusson (Eka)
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Måns
Karlsson (Eka)
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Birgitta
Arentsdotter (Pinnow)
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Cecilia Månsdotter (Eka)
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Eskil
Isaksson (Banér)
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Cecilia
Haraldsdotter (Gren)
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Family
Gustav's first wife was Catherine
of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–1535), whom he married on 24
September 1531. They had a son:
- Eric XIV (1533–1577), Duke of Kalmar
On 1 October 1536, he married his
second wife, Margareta Leijonhufvud (1514–1551). Their children were:
- John III (Johan III) (1537–1592), Duke of Finland
- Katarina (1539–1610), wife of Edzard II, Count of Ostfriesland. A grandmother of Anna Maria of Ostfriesland (and thereby an ancestor of Queen Victoria) and great-grandmother of Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
- Cecilia (1540–1627), wife of Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern
- Magnus (1542–1595), Duke of Östergötland
- Carl (1544)
- Anna Maria (1545–1610), wife of George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz
- Sten (1546–1547)
- Sofia (1547–1611), wife of Duke Magnus II of Saxe-Lauenburg
- Elisabet (1549–1598), wife of Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch
- Charles IX (Carl IX) (1550–1611), Duke of Södermanland
See also
Notes
1.
Jump up ^ Gustav's gravestone gives his year of birth as
1485, and according to his son Charles
IX he had been born in 1488. His nephew Per
Brahe gives 1495 as Gustav's year of birth, and historian Erik Göransson Tegel
the year 1490. Brahe and Tegel agree that Gustav was born on Ascension
Thursday, the 12th of May, and these days coincided in 1491 and 1496.
4.
Jump up ^ Brev av Gustav Vasa (Letters of Gustav Vasa)
edited by Nils Edén, Norstedts, Stockholm, 1917
14.
Jump up ^ Gary Dean Peterson (1 January 2007). Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an
Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. McFarland.
pp. 31–. ISBN 978-0-7864-2873-1. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
References
- Roberts, Michael: The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden 1523–1611 (1968)
- Åberg, Alf: Gustav Vasa 500 år / The official anniversary book (1996)
- Lars-Olof Larsson: Gustav Vasa – Landsfader eller tyrann? (2005)
External links
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- The Rapier of Gustav Vasa, King of Sweden (myArmoury.com article)
Robert
Nisbet Bain (1911). "Gustavus I. Eriksson". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).- "Gustavus I. Vasa". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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Gustav I of Sweden
Born: 12 May 1496 Died: 29 September 1560
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Regnal titles
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Regent of Sweden
1521–1523 |
Succeeded by
Himself as King of Sweden |
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Preceded by
Himself as Regent of Sweden |
King of Sweden
1523–1560 |
Succeeded by
Eric XIV |
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