31
October 1517
I thought the following was good to re-post today;
it’s from a year ago.
The below is found on the Book of Concord Website. The “Sources and
Context” tab on the sidebar of the Book of Concord website has this document as
well as many others that help put the Book of Concord into the context of the
times.
The original wooden door of the Castle Church was destroyed in a
fire. The present door is made of bronze and contains the text of the theses,
in German. It was put up in the 19th century as a memorial. The theses were
originally hand-written, but very quickly were printed and distributed
throughout Europe.
Editor’s Introduction:
The Ninety-Five Theses, composed originally in
Latin, were posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Castle Church in
Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517. The Castle Church was used by the
university as its “campus church” and as such the door served as a sort of
public bulletin board for the academic community. The theses were a proposal
for a discussion about the practice of indulgences. October 31, 1517, the day
before All Saints Day, was chosen because the Castle Church was also home to
one of the largest collection of relics in all of Western Christendom, owned by
the Saxon Elector Frederick the Wise. Indulgences were granted to the faithful
for viewing the many relics that were put on display on All Saints Day.
Out of love for the truth and the desire to
bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg,
under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and
of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in Ordinary on the same at that place.
Wherefore he requests that those who are unable to be present and debate orally
with us, may do so by letter.
In the Name our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, when He said Poenitentiam agite,
willed that the whole life of believers should be repentance.
2. This word cannot be understood to mean sacramental penance, i.e.,
confession and satisfaction, which is administered by the priests.
3. Yet it means not inward repentance only; nay, there is no inward
repentance which does not outwardly work divers mortifications of the flesh.
4. The penalty [of sin], therefore, continues so long as hatred of
self continues; for this is the true inward repentance, and continues until our
entrance into the kingdom of heaven.
5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties
other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by that of
the Canons.
6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring that it has
been remitted by God and by assenting to God’s remission; though, to be sure,
he may grant remission in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant
remission in such cases were despised, the guilt would remain entirely
unforgiven.
7. God remits guilt to no one whom He does not, at the same time,
humble in all things and bring into subjection to His vicar, the priest.
8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and,
according to them, nothing should be imposed on the dying.
9. Therefore the Holy Spirit in the pope is kind to us, because in
his decrees he always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.
10. Ignorant and wicked are the doings of those priests who, in the
case of the dying, reserve canonical penances for purgatory.
11. This changing of the canonical penalty to the penalty of purgatory
is quite evidently one of the tares that were sown while the bishops slept.
12. In former times the canonical penalties were imposed not after,
but before absolution, as tests of true contrition.
13. The dying are freed by death from all penalties; they are already
dead to canonical rules, and have a right to be released from them.
14. The imperfect health [of soul], that is to say, the imperfect
love, of the dying brings with it, of necessity, great fear; and the smaller
the love, the greater is the fear.
15. This fear and horror is sufficient of itself alone (to say nothing
of other things) to constitute the penalty of purgatory, since it is very near
to the horror of despair.
16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ as do despair,
almost-despair, and the assurance of safety.
17. With souls in purgatory it seems necessary that horror should grow
less and love increase.
18. It seems unproved, either by reason or Scripture, that they are
outside the state of merit, that is to say, of increasing love.
19. Again, it seems unproved that they, or at least that all of them,
are certain or assured of their own blessedness, though we may be quite certain
of it.
20. Therefore by “full remission of all penalties” the pope means not
actually “of all,” but only of those imposed by himself.
21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say
that by the pope’s indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved;
22. Whereas he remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which,
according to the canons, they would have had to pay in this life.
23. If it is at all possible to grant to any one the remission of all
penalties whatsoever, it is certain that this remission can be granted only to
the most perfect, that is, to the very fewest.
24. It must needs be, therefore, that the greater part of the people
are deceived by that indiscriminate and highsounding promise of release from
penalty.
25. The power which the pope has, in a general way, over purgatory, is
just like the power which any bishop or curate has, in a special way, within
his own diocese or parish.
26. The pope does well when he grants remission to souls [in purgatory],
not by the power of the keys (which he does not possess), but by way of
intercession.
27. They preach man who say that so soon as the penny jingles into the
money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory].
28. It is certain that when the penny jingles into the money-box, gain
and avarice can be increased, but the result of the intercession of the Church
is in the power of God alone.
29. Who knows whether all the souls in purgatory wish to be bought out
of it, as in the legend of Sts. Severinus and Paschal.
30. No one is sure that his own contrition is sincere; much less that
he has attained full remission.
31. Rare as is the man that is truly penitent, so rare is also the man
who truly buys indulgences, i.e., such men are most rare.
32. They will be condemned eternally, together with their teachers,
who believe themselves sure of their salvation because they have letters of
pardon.
33. Men must be on their guard against those who say that the pope’s
pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to Him;
34. For these “graces of pardon” concern only the penalties of
sacramental satisfaction, and these are appointed by man.
35. They preach no Christian doctrine who teach that contrition is not
necessary in those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory or to buy
confessionalia.
36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of
penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.
37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the
blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even
without letters of pardon.
38. Nevertheless, the remission and participation [in the blessings of
the Church] which are granted by the pope are in no way to be despised, for
they are, as I have said, the declaration of divine remission.
39. It is most difficult, even for the very keenest theologians, at
one and the same time to commend to the people the abundance of pardons and
[the need of] true contrition.
40. True contrition seeks and loves penalties, but liberal pardons
only relax penalties and cause them to be hated, or at least, furnish an
occasion [for hating them].
41. Apostolic pardons are to be preached with caution, lest the people
may falsely think them preferable to other good works of love.
42. Christians are to be taught that the pope does not intend the
buying of pardons to be compared in any way to works of mercy.
43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends
to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;
44. Because love grows by works of love, and man becomes better; but
by pardons man does not grow better, only more free from penalty.
45. Christians are to be taught that he who sees a man in need, and
passes him by, and gives [his money] for pardons, purchases not the indulgences
of the pope, but the indignation of God.
46. Christians are to be taught that unless they have more than they
need, they are bound to keep back what is necessary for their own families, and
by no means to squander it on pardons.
47. Christians are to be taught that the buying of pardons is a matter
of free will, and not of commandment.
48. Christians are to be taught that the pope, in granting pardons,
needs, and therefore desires, their devout prayer for him more than the money
they bring.
49. Christians are to be taught that the pope’s pardons are useful, if
they do not put their trust in them; but altogether harmful, if through them
they lose their fear of God.
50. Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of
the pardon-preachers, he would rather that St. Peter’s church should go to
ashes, than that it should be built up with the skin, flesh and bones of his
sheep.
51. Christians are to be taught that it would be the pope’s wish, as
it is his duty, to give of his own money to very many of those from whom
certain hawkers of pardons cajole money, even though the church of St. Peter
might have to be sold.
52. The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain, even
though the commissary, nay, even though the pope himself, were to stake his soul
upon it.
53. They are enemies of Christ and of the pope, who bid the Word of
God be altogether silent in some Churches, in order that pardons may be
preached in others.
54. Injury is done the Word of God when, in the same sermon, an equal
or a longer time is spent on pardons than on this Word.
55. It must be the intention of the pope that if pardons, which are a
very small thing, are celebrated with one bell, with single processions and
ceremonies, then the Gospel, which is the very greatest thing, should be preached
with a hundred bells, a hundred processions, a hundred ceremonies.
56. The “treasures of the Church,” out of which the pope grants
indulgences, are not sufficiently named or known among the people of Christ.
57. That they are not temporal treasures is certainly evident, for
many of the vendors do not pour out such treasures so easily, but only gather
them.
58. Nor are they the merits of Christ and the Saints, for even without
the pope, these always work grace for the inner man, and the cross, death, and
hell for the outward man.
59. St. Lawrence said that the treasures of the Church were the
Church’s poor, but he spoke according to the usage of the word in his own time.
60. Without rashness we say that the keys of the Church, given by
Christ’s merit, are that treasure;
61. For it is clear that for the remission of penalties and of
reserved cases, the power of the pope is of itself sufficient.
62. The true treasure of the Church is the Most Holy Gospel of the
glory and the grace of God.
63. But this treasure is naturally most odious, for it makes the first
to be last.
64. On the other hand, the treasure of indulgences is naturally most
acceptable, for it makes the last to be first.
65. Therefore the treasures of the Gospel are nets with which they
formerly were wont to fish for men of riches.
66. The treasures of the indulgences are nets with which they now fish
for the riches of men.
67. The indulgences which the preachers cry as the “greatest graces”
are known to be truly such, in so far as they promote gain.
68. Yet they are in truth the very smallest graces compared with the
grace of God and the piety of the Cross.
69. Bishops and curates are bound to admit the commissaries of
apostolic pardons, with all reverence.
70. But still more are they bound to strain all their eyes and attend
with all their ears, lest these men preach their own dreams instead of the
commission of the pope.
71. He who speaks against the truth of apostolic pardons, let him be
anathema and accursed!
72. But he who guards against the lust and license of the
pardon-preachers, let him be blessed!
73. The pope justly thunders against those who, by any art, contrive
the injury of the traffic in pardons.
74. But much more does he intend to thunder against those who use the
pretext of pardons to contrive the injury of holy love and truth.
75. To think the papal pardons so great that they could absolve a man
even if he had committed an impossible sin and violated the Mother of God —
this is madness.
76. We say, on the contrary, that the papal pardons are not able to
remove the very least of venial sins, so far as its guilt is concerned.
77. It is said that even St. Peter, if he were now Pope, could not
bestow greater graces; this is blasphemy against St. Peter and against the
pope.
78. We say, on the contrary, that even the present pope, and any pope
at all, has greater graces at his disposal; to wit, the Gospel, powers, gifts
of healing, etc., as it is written in I. Corinthians xii.
79. To say that the cross, emblazoned with the papal arms, which is
set up [by the preachers of indulgences], is of equal worth with the Cross of
Christ, is blasphemy.
80. The bishops, curates and theologians who allow such talk to be
spread among the people, will have an account to render.
81. This unbridled preaching of pardons makes it no easy matter, even
for learned men, to rescue the reverence due to the pope from slander, or even
from the shrewd questionings of the laity.
82. To wit: — “Why does not the pope empty purgatory, for the sake of
holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an
infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a
Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial.”
83. Again: — “Why are mortuary and anniversary masses for the dead
continued, and why does he not return or permit the withdrawal of the
endowments founded on their behalf, since it is wrong to pray for the
redeemed?”
84. Again: — “What is this new piety of God and the pope, that for
money they allow a man who is impious and their enemy to buy out of purgatory
the pious soul of a friend of God, and do not rather, because of that pious and
beloved soul’s own need, free it for pure love’s sake?”
85. Again: — “Why are the penitential canons long since in actual fact
and through disuse abrogated and dead, now satisfied by the granting of
indulgences, as though they were still alive and in force?”
86. Again: — “Why does not the pope, whose wealth is to-day greater
than the riches of the richest, build just this one church of St. Peter with
his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers?”
87. Again: — “What is it that the pope remits, and what participation
does he grant to those who, by perfect contrition, have a right to full
remission and participation?”
88. Again: — “What greater blessing could come to the Church than if
the pope were to do a hundred times a day what he now does once, and bestow on
every believer these remissions and participations?”
89. “Since the pope, by his pardons, seeks the salvation of souls
rather than money, why does he suspend the indulgences and pardons granted
heretofore, since these have equal efficacy?”
90. To repress these arguments and scruples of the laity by force
alone, and not to resolve them by giving reasons, is to expose the Church and
the pope to the ridicule of their enemies, and to make Christians unhappy.
91. If, therefore, pardons were preached according to the spirit and
mind of the pope, all these doubts would be readily resolved; nay, they would
not exist.
92. Away, then, with all those prophets who say to the people of
Christ, “Peace, peace,” and there is no peace!
93. Blessed be all those prophets who say to the people of Christ,
“Cross, cross,” and there is no cross!
94. Christians are to be exhorted that they be diligent in following
Christ, their Head, through penalties, deaths, and hell;
95. And thus be confident of entering into heaven rather through many
tribulations, than through the assurance of peace.
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