3
January 1560 A.D. Peter Palladius, Denmark’s Dedicated Reformer
Peder Palladius ( 1503 - 3 January 1560 ) was a Lutheran superintendant (see Bishop) of Zealand Diocese in the early period after the Reformation .
Indholdsfortegnelse Table of Contents
Childhood and youth
Ifølge Peder Palladius selv hed hans far Esbern Jensen og var en u-uddannet borger i . According to Peder Palladius himself called his father Esbern Jensen and was an uneducated citizen of Ribe . Det er blevet foreslået, at han er den "Esbern Smed", der siden blev tolder og byfoged i ( Samlinger til jysk Historie og Topografi 2. række, II, s.137 ff). It has been suggested that he is the "Esbern Wrought", which was subsequently customs officer and bailiff in Assens (Collections of Jutland History and Topography 2nd row, II, p.137 ff). Skolegangen for Peder Palladius foregik tilsyneladende på flere , hvilket sikkert hænger sammen med, at han ikke kunne forsørges af forældrene. Schooling for Peder Palladius took place apparently in several grammar schools , which is probably related to the fact that he could not dependent parent. Han omtaler skolerne i Ribe, og Assens som om han selv har gået der. He mentions schools in Ribe, Roskilde Assen and as if he has gone there.
Det er omtrent alt, hvad vi med sikkerhed ved om Palladius' ungdomsliv, før vi omkring træffer ham som skolemester i , hvorfra han senere, understøttet af Mikkel Pedersen (Akeleye) drog til , ledsaget af samme borgmesters søn Knud Mikkelsen og et andet ungt menneske fra Odense, hvis studier han formodentlig har haft opsyn med. This is about all we know for sure about Palladius' adolescence before we around 1530 to take him as schoolmaster in Odense , where he later supported by Mayor Mikkel Pedersen (Akeleye) went to Wittenberg , accompanied by the same mayor's son Knud Mikkelsen and another young person from Odense, whose studies he probably had supervised. 3. september blev "Petrus Esbernus Pladius" immatrikuleret. 3 September 1531 was "Petrus Esbernus Pladius" matriculated. Det var efter sigende , der gav hans navn et finere sving ved at kalde ham Palladius, som han siden altid selv skrev sig. It was reportedly Philipp Melanchthon , who gave his name a finer swing by calling him Palladius, that he always even wrote himself. I Wittenberg trådte Palladius i nært forhold til reformatorerne, da han, fraregnet nogle mindre udflugter, tilbragte henved seks år her under flittige studier. tog han magistergraden . In Wittenberg entered Palladius in close relationship with the reformers, when he, after deducting some minor excursions, spent about six years here in diligent studies. 1533 he took a master's degree . Da kong efter de gamle bispers afskaffelse ønskede en mand, som overtilsynet med de lutherske kunne betros, og i den anledning henvendte sig til reformatorerne i Wittenberg, anbefalede disse magister "Petrus Danus", men rådede også kongen til at lade ham først erhverve den i Wittenberg. When King Christian 3 after the old bishops elimination wanted a man who was supervising the Lutheran congregations be trusted, and on this occasion turned to reformers in Wittenberg, recommended the master "Petrus Danus" but also counseled the king to let him first acquire the theological doctorate at Wittenberg. Dette råd blev fulgt, og efter at kongen havde sendt de fornødne penge, blev Palladius sammen med 1. This advice was followed, and after that the king had sent the necessary money was Palladius with Tileman van Hussen 1 juni udnævnt til licentiat under Luthers præsidium og få dage efter til doktor i teologi. June 1537 appointed licentiate in Luther's bureau and a few days later for a doctorate in theology. Kort efter begav han sig på vej hjem, uden tvivl i følge med doktor , som var indkaldt til for at yde sin bistand ved genoprettelse, ved reformationens fuldendelse og ved kongens og dronningens kroning. Shortly after he went on his way home, no doubt accompanied by Dr. Johannes Bugenhagen , who was summoned to Denmark to offer its support by the University of Copenhagen restoration of the Reformation completion and the king and queen's coronation.
Bishop of Zealand
Straks efter sin hjemkomst trådte Palladius i nærmere forhold til kong Christian 3., og 2. september 1537 indviedes han af Bugenhagen til eller i . Immediately after his return came Palladius in closer relationship with King Christian 3, and September 2, 1537 he was consecrated by Bugenhagen to the superintendent or bishop of the Diocese of Zealand . Herudover blev han i teologi ved universitetet. In addition, he was professor of theology at the university. Det var et stort og besværligt arbejde, der lå foran Palladius med hensyn til ordningen af kirkevæsenet. It was a large and cumbersome task that lay ahead of Palladius as regards the rules of the church service. Imidlertid gav han sig, kun 34 år gammel, til værket med en beundringsværdig kraft og dygtighed. However, he began, only 34 years old to work with admirable force and skill. For eksempel kan anføres, hvad Bugenhagen allerede i november 1537 kunne skrive til kongen: For example, given what Bugenhagen already in November 1537 to write to the king:
"Jeg vil, eders majestæt til trøst, ikke dølge, at Gud udretter meget godt ved sine fattige biskopper eller superintendenter. Jeg efterlod doktor Peter Palladius 14 dage i den papistiske [dvs. ] stad Roskilde. Der prædikede han hver dag, og hele byen løb til for at høre ham, og de takke og prise Gud, både råd og borgere. Han holdt også hver dag en latinsk forelæsning og havde 125 tilhørere." "I will, your majesty for comfort, not hide that God accomplishes very well by its poor bishops or superintendenter. I left Dr. Peter Palladius 14 days in the Popish [ie. Catholic ] city of Roskilde. There he preached every day, and the whole town ran to to hear him, and to thank and praise God, both council and citizens. He also kept every day a Latin lecture and had 125 listeners. "
Snart var Palladius i fuldt arbejde med rundt om i stiftet, og i løbet af fem-seks år fik han visiteret alle dets 390 kirker. Soon Palladius in full work with visitations around in the diocese, and in five or six years, he searched all of its 390 churches. Alle steder skulle forholdene ordnes så at sige fra ny af, mange misbrug afskaffes og alt bringes på en sådan fod, at det kunne gå i det mindste uden betydelige anstød mod en rigtig og sømmelig evangelisk-luthersk kirkeorden. All locations should conditions be arranged so to speak, from new of many abuses abolished and everything brought in such terms that it could go at least without significant stumbling against a real and decorous Evangelical Lutheran church order. Med flid søgte han at få fjernet fra kirkerne alt, hvad han kaldte "Uryd". With diligence, he tried to get removed from the churches all, what he called "Uryd". Det var rester fra den katolske tid som , overflødige altre, , messebøger og lignende. It was leftovers from the Catholic period as saints , redundant altars, relics , exhibition of books and the like. Især havde han et vågent øje med de endnu temmelig stærkt søgte valfartssteder i stiftet og fik ved kongebreve søgningen til disse steder forbudt, selvom den ikke fuldkomment blev afskaffet i hans tid. In particular, he had an eye on the still pretty heavily sought places of pilgrimage in the diocese and got by Royal letters searching for same places, though not completely abolished in his time.
I det hele taget ses det af mange ting, at modstanden mod den evangelisk-lutherske lære og kirkeorden endnu langtfra var overvundet. On the whole, it is seen by many things that the resistance to the Evangelical Lutheran doctrine and church order yet far from being overcome. Særlig gjorde Roskilde længe både aktiv og passiv modstand mod de nye ordninger og gav Palladius meget at gøre. - ledede Palladius de religionsdisputatser, der holdtes mellem universitetets teologer og katolsksindede medlemmer af flere af landets domkapitler og , som da også til sidst gav efter, om end måske mere for at redde deres , end fordi de var overbeviste. In particular, Roskilde Domkapitel long as both active and passive resistance to the new arrangements and gave Palladius much to do. one thousand five hundred forty-three - one thousand five hundred and forty-four led Palladius the religionsdisputatser which was held between the university theologians and Catholic-minded members of several of the country domkapitler and monasteries , which also eventually gave in, though perhaps more to save their præbender than because they were convinced. I et kongebrev af omtaltes, at der endnu var "mange, som sad og forhærdede sig og ikke vare udi en ret kristelig tro, som dennem burde", hvorfor det pålagdes dem at lade sig undervise af Palladius og at efterkomme, hvad han på kongens vegne "tilsagde dem om religionen". The Royal Charter of 1551 omtaltes that there were still "many who sat and hardened, and not udi a right Christian faith that dennem should" why it imposed on them to be taught by the Palladius and to comply with what he King's behalf "promised them about religion."
Så stor modstand Palladius end således fandt i sit evangelisk-lutherske tilsynsembede, så må man dog ikke forestille sig ham som en mand, der billigede enhver angrebsmåde, når det gjaldt at ramme modstanderne og at tilintetgøre katolicismens rester. So much opposition Palladius than thus found in his Evangelical Lutheran supervision office, one must not imagine him as a man who condoned any attack way when it came to hitting the opponents and destroy Catholicism remains. Selv om han mange gange udtalte sig skarpt nok om den katolske hårdnakkethed, som han jævnlig traf på, så misbilligede han dog, når præsterne i deres prædikener på en upassende måde omtalte helgener og deres relikvier og i det hele kun beskæftigede sig med at rive ned og ikke også at bygge op. Although he often spoke out strongly enough about the Catholic tenacity, which he occasionally took on so disapproved of him, however, when the priests in their sermons in an inappropriate manner mentioned saints and their relics and generally only concerned with tearing down and not also to build up. Vanskeligst var stillingen over for mægtige , der tog det gamle i forsvar eller viste åbenbar foragt mod den borgerlige superintendent, der ikke kunne optræde med den myndighed, som de gamle adelige bisper havde besiddet. Most troublesome was the score against the mighty noble people who took the old defense or showed obvious contempt against the bourgeois superintendent who could not perform with the authority that the old aristocratic bishops had possessed.
Her anbefalede Palladius at gå frem med stor sagtmodighed. Here recommended Palladius to go forward with great meekness. Hans råd under sådanne forhold var nemlig dette: Når en adelsmand begyndte at yppe strid med en superintendent eller at udæske ham ved at forsvare en eller anden sætning af den katolske lære, som det ofte kunne ske, så skulde superintendenten enten tie stille til sådanne åbenbare fornærmelser eller svare så beskedent som muligt, navnlig med hensyn til alt, hvad der vedkom hans eget embede, og kun henholde sig til den troskabsed, han havde svoret kongen, idet han for eksempel svarede: "Min fromme mand, jeg er ikkun en fattig tjener, dertil har jeg på mine knæ svoret kongelig majestæt, at jeg vil være tro i mit embede, og eder og andre af adelen er det befalet at håndhæve mig, så tror jeg også det gode til eder." His advice in such conditions was namely this: When a nobleman began to yppe violation of a superintendent or to tempt him in defending any statement of Catholic doctrine, as it often could happen, I would have superintendenten either remain silent to such obvious insults or respond as modest as possible, particularly with regard to everything that concerned his own office, and only rely on the oath of allegiance he had sworn to the king, as for example, he replied: "My pious man, I is but a poor servant there, I have on my knees sworn royal majesty, that I will be faithful in my office, and you and others of the nobility, it is commanded to enforce me, I think also good for you. "
Visitatsbogen
Palladius virksomhed som kirkelig tilsynsmand har efterladt sig et højst
ejendommeligt minde i hans Visitatsbog ,
der flere gange er blevet udgivet. udgave i Peder Palladius' Danske Skrifter , bind 5, København 1925-1926, s. 1-240 bør foretrækkes
frem for de tidligere udgaver (af ACL Heiberg , af Sv. Grundtvig og af C. Rosenberg ).
Palladius business of ecclesiastical overseer has left a very strange memorial
in his Visitation, which have been repeatedly published. Lis Jacobsen's edition of Peder Palladius' Danish Writings,
Volume 5, Copenhagen 1925-1926, p 1-240 should be preferred to the previous
versions (ACL Heiberg 1867 , of Sv. Grundtvig in 1872 and of C. Rosenberg 1884 ). En udgave på nutidsdansk,
udarbejdet af Martin Schwartz Lausten, Peder Palladius: En visitatsbog , København 2003, er dog nemmere tilgængelig for de
fleste. A version of the present Danish,
prepared by Martin Schwartz Lausten, Peder Palladius: A Visitation,
Copenhagen 2003, however, more accessible for most people. Visitatsbogen er en af de vigtigste kilder til 1500-tallets kirke- og kulturhistorie. Visitatsbogen is one of the main sources of 1500s church and culture. Alex Wittendorf (se eksterne henvisninger) kalder den således "en kilde af stor værdi, både til bondebefolkningens forhold og daglige liv og til den store omstillings- og disciplineringsproces, som fortsatte i de følgende århundreder og blev forstærket under enevælden. Den viser også sider af Palladius' teologi og ikke mindst de problemer, der var forbundet med kampen imod befolkningens gamle naturreligion – en kamp der aldrig lykkedes fuldt ud." Alex Wittendorf (see external links) calls it thus "a source of great value both to the peasantry conditions and daily life and to the great transition and disciplinary process, which continued in the following centuries and was reinforced under the absolute monarchy. It also shows the sides of Palladius' theology and especially the problems associated with the fight against people's ancient nature religion - a battle that never fully succeeded. "
Palladius' releases
Christian
3.'s danske bibel, 1550 3 Christian's Danish Bible, 1550
Mens Palladius næppe havde bestemt sin visitatsbog til udgivelse i sin helhed, selvom han benyttede enkelte stykker af den i nogle af sine senere skrifter, ligesom et kort udtog af den meddeltes til flere samtidige biskopper, så har han derimod ladet trykke en mængde andre skrifter, især sigtende til sund evangelisk-luthersk oplysnings fremme og til en ret ordning af gudstjenesten. While Palladius had hardly given her Visitation for release in its entirety, although he took a few pieces of it in some of his later writings, like a short excerpt of this was announced for multiple concurrent bishops, he's on the other hand, had printed a number of other writings, especially sifting for healthy Evangelical Lutheran awareness and promote a right system of worship. Det drejer sig blandt andet om Den lille danske ( ) (Luthers), En Haandbog for Sognepræster til evangelisk Kirketjeneste ( ) (efter Luther), en dansk oversættelse af ( ) og En ret enfoldig Bedebog ( ) (efter Luther). This is among other things on the small Danish Catechism ( 1537 ) (Luther), A handbook for parish priests to Evangelical Church Service ( 1538 ) (following Luther), a Danish translation of the Church Ordinance ( 1539 ) and A rather simple-minded Bedebog ( 1541 ) (after Luther). Flere skrifter oplevede mange oplag. More writings saw many editions. I det hele er der ingen samtidig dansk forfatter, hvis litterære frugtbarhed i nogen måde kan stilles ved siden af Palladius'. On the whole, there is no contemporary Danish writer whose literary fertility in any way placed beside the Palladius'. Samtidig måtte han på embeds vegne som censor før trykningen gennemlæse alle samtidige teologiske skrifter af danske forfattere. At the same time, he had officio as censors before printing peruse all contemporary theological writings of Danish authors. En stor del af dem måtte han forsyne med fortaler. A large part of them, he had to provide advocacy. Intet litterært arbejde kostede ham dog mere tid og flid end revisionen af Christiern Pedersens bibeloversættelse. No literary work cost him, however, more time and diligence than the review of Christiern Pedersen's Bible translation. I lang tid var Palladius så optaget af dette hverv, at han ikke blot ofte måtte klage over sin store "uledighed", men for nogle år måtte ophøre med sine visitatser og teologiske forelæsninger. For a long time Palladius so engrossed in this office, that he not only often had to complain about his great "uledighed" but some years had to cease his visitations and theological lectures.
School Systems
Da Christian 3.'s danske bibel endelig udkom , priste værket sin mester. When Christian 3's Danish Bible was finally released in 1550 , praised the work his master. Men nu måtte Palladius for alvor tage fat på at bringe det lærde skolevæsen på fode. But now had Palladius seriously tackle to bring the scholars school system back on its feet. Allerede på sine første visitatser havde han lagt stor vægt på almueungdommens kristendomsundervisning og formanet forældrene til at sende velbegavede drenge til latinskolerne, så de med tiden kunne blive og . Already in its first visitations he had placed great emphasis on almueungdommens Christian education and admonished parents to send talented boys to Latin schools so that they could eventually become priests and parish clerks . Men da skolerne endnu var temmelig mangelfulde, foranledigede han formodentlig selv, at der udgik kongelig befaling til ham om at besøge alle købstæder og andre steder (klostre) i stiftet, hvor skoler holdtes, "og der grandgivelig forfare al lejligheden, hvorledes ordinansen om religionen ved magt holdes", og, hvor han fandt mangler, enten råde bod på det med lensmandens og sognepræstens hjælp eller gøre indberetning derom til kongen. But when schools were still pretty sketchy, led he probably saying that 1551 was deleted royal command for him to visit all the towns and other places (monasteries) in the diocese where the schools were kept, "and grandgivelig forfare all the apartment, how the ordinance on religion by force kept ", and where he found lacking, either remedy the lens with the man and the parish priest's help or do reporting on it to the king. Med iver tog Palladius nu dette hverv op, og for at fremme sagen udgav han selv i de nødvendigste elementære skolebøger. With zeal took Palladius now this office up, and for advancing the cause he published himself in 1553 the bare necessities elementary school textbooks.
Efter bibelarbejdet var sluttet, tog Palladius også med ny kraft fat på sin akademiske gerning, holdt flittigt teologiske forelæsninger og tog sig ivrigt af studenterne. The Bible work was completed, took Palladius also with new power grab on his academic deed, kept diligently theological lectures and took care of the students eagerly. Navnlig var han for de norske og islandske studenter som en far, tog sig af dem, når de var i nød, og stod dem til enhver tid bi med råd og dåd. - beklædte Palladius rektoratet og udfoldede megen iver for universitet vel ved de forhandlinger, der - førtes med kongen og kansleren om forskellige forbedringer i universitetets økonomiske forhold og de fattige studenters vilkår. In particular, he was the Norwegian and Icelandic students as a father, took care of them when they were in distress, and stood them at any time bee in word and deed. 1,553 - 1554 clad Palladius rector's office and unfolded much zeal for college well at the negotiations 1554 - 1,555 were brought to the King and the Chancellor of different improvements in the University's financial situation and the poor students' terms.
Som den øverste blandt de forenede rigers biskopper måtte Palladius gå kongen til hånde med råd i kirkelige sager og jævnlig udarbejde betænkninger, der sædvanligvis blev af afgørende betydning. As the leader of the united kingdoms bishops Palladius had to go the king to lend a hand with advice in religious matters and regularly produce reports, which usually was essential. Hans indflydelse strakte sig ikke blot til den danske, men også til den og kirke, ja endog til hertugdømmerne. His influence extended not only to the Danish, but also to the Norwegian and Icelandic church, even to the duchies. Ved de bispemøder, som jævnlig holdtes i Christian 3.'s tid, førte Palladius forsædet og har sikkert haft den vigtigste stemme med hensyn til ordningen af de forskellige kirkelige forhold, som behandledes. At the bispemøder, who regularly held in the Christian 3 's time, led Palladius chair and have probably had the main voice with regard to the system of the various ecclesiastical matters which were treated. Men da han under bispemødet i København i maj ramtes af et slagtilfælde , netop som han stod på prædikestolen, var han fra den tid fysisk hæmmet så han senere næppe mere har kunnet rejse på visitatser og vel heller ikke holde teologiske forelæsninger. But when he shall bispemødet in Copenhagen in May 1555 was hit by a stroke , just as he stood in the pulpit, he was from the time physically handicapped as he later hardly more have been able to travel on visitations and probably not hold theological lectures. Dog blev hans mentale evner ikke hæmmet mere, end at han selv under sin sygdom dels kunne udgive mange skrifter, som han tidligere, mens han færdedes omkring i stiftet, ikke havde fået tid til at lægge sidste hånd på, dels kunne forfatte nye. However, his mental faculties are not inhibited more than that he was even in his illness partly to publish many writings that he used as he moved around in the diocese, had not had time to put the finishing touches on one hand, could compose new ones. Særlig kan fremhæves, at han udgav den , der i flere hundrede år i det væsentlige har været den brugte i den dansk-norske kirke, og Herrens Lidelseshistorie i den form, som den langt senere kunne findes i danske alter- og salmebøger. Special may be pointed out that he in 1556 published the alterbog that for hundreds of years has essentially been the used in the Danish-Norwegian church, and the Lord's Passion in the form in which the much later could be found in Danish altar and hymn books.
I sine svaghedsår havde Palladius af og til hjælp af sin bror, Niels. In his svaghedsår had Palladius and the help of his brother, Burt. 31. maj pålagde kongen Københavns universitet at udnævne mester til den teologiske lærestol, som Palladius på grund af sin sygdom ikke længere kunne beklæde. 31 May 1558 instructed the king Copenhagen University to appoint master Hans Albertsen to the theological chair that Palladius because of his illness could no longer occupy. Senere blev han tillige den syge mands medhjælper i bispeembedet og til sidst hans efterfølger. Later he became the sick man's assistant in the episcopate and eventually his successor.
Palladius døde kun 56 år gammel, men efter et meget indholdsrigt og frugtbart liv. Palladius died only 56 years old, but after a very full and fruitful life. Palladius' familieforhold er væsentligt ukendte. Palladius' family relationships are important unknown. Hans hustru Kirstine (Pedersdatter) overlevede ham. His wife Kirstine (Peter's daughter) survived him. De vides ikke at have haft børn. They are not known to have had children.
Literature
: Indledning og bemærkninger til Palladius'
Visitatsbog , København 1927 Brix : Introduction
and comments to Palladius' Visitation, Copenhagen 1927
Jørgen Ertner : Peder
Palladius' lutherske teologi , København 1988 Jørgen Ertner Peder
Palladius' Lutheran theology in Copenhagen 1988
: Christian
d. 3. og kirken 1537-1559 , København 1987 Martin
Schwarz Lausten : Christian 3rd and the church from 1537 to
1559, Copenhagen 1987
Martin
Schwarz Lausten: Biskop Peder Palladius og kirken 1537-1560 , København
1987 Martin Schwarz Lausten: Bishop Peder Palladius and the church
1537-1560, Copenhagen 1987
Martin
Schwarz Lausten (udg.): Kirkeordinansen 1537/39. Tekstudgave
med indledning og noter,København 1989 Martin Schwarz
Lausten (ed.): Church Ordinance 1537/39. Transcript with introduction and
notes, Copenhagen 1989
Martin
Schwarz Lausten: Peder Palladius' teologi.
Oppositionsindlæg ved J. Ertners ovennævnte doktordisputats, i: Kirkehistoriske
Samlinger , København 1989, s. 29-78 Martin Schwarz
Lausten Peder Palladius' theology. Opposition Posts by J. Ertners above
doctoral thesis, in: Church History Collections, Copenhagen 1989, p
29-78
HF Rørdam : Om
Superintendenternes Stilling efter Reformationen , i: Kirkehistoriske
Samlinger , 2. række, I, København 1857-1859, s. 350-351. HF Rørdam : About
Superintendent The position after the Reformation, in: Church History
Collections, 2nd row, I, Copenhagen 1857-1859, p 350-351.
Alex Wittendorff : "Evangelii
lyse dag" eller "hekseprocessernes mørketid"? i: Tradition
og kritik , til Svend Ellehøj, København 1984, s. 89-119. Alex Wittendorff : "Evangelii
bright day" or "witch process the polar night", in: Tradition
and criticism, Festschrift for Svend
Ellehøj, Copenhagen 1984, p 89-119.
External links
– introduktionsartikel af Alex Wittendorf Peder
Palladius: A Visitation - introductory article by Alex Wittendorf
– artikel af Mikkel Thrane Lassen Peder
Palladius and the Danish Reformation - Article by
Mikkel Thrane Lassen
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